Table 2.
Policies endorsed by respondent program certification type
| Policy N (%) |
Outpatient services |
Opioid treatment |
Residential services |
Harm reduction | Inpatient treatment |
Prevention | Crisis services |
Office-based | Significant differences by certification typea | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 117 (52.9%) | 27 (12.2%) | 28 (12.7%) | 15 (6.8%) | 13 (5.9%) | 10 (4.5%) | 7 (3.2%) | 4 (1.8%) | Exp (β) | 95% CI | |
| Expanded insurance coverage | 102 (87.2%) | 22 (81.5%) | 21 (75.0%) | 11 (73.3%) | 10 (76.9%) | 5 (50.0%) | 5 (71.4%) | 2 (50.0%) | ||
| Virtual behavioral health and counseling visits | 98 (83.8%) | 24 (88.9%) | 22 (78.6%) | 14 (93.3%) | 9 (69.2%) | 6 (60.0%) | 5 (71.4%) | 1 (25.0%) | ||
| Expanded reimbursements for telehealth visits and services | 91 (77.8%) | 21 (77.8%) | 15 (53.6%)* | 10 (66.7%) | 7 (53.8%) | 4 (40.0%) | 5 (71.4%) | 2 (50.0%) | 3.03 | 1.28–7.18 |
| Limiting the use of prior authorization for medication and services | 75 (64.1%) | 19 (70.4%) | 18 (64.3%) | 9 (60.0%) | 7 (53.8%) | 5 (50.0%) | 5 (71.4%) | 2 (50.0%) | ||
| Virtual MOUD/MAT maintenance visits | 81 (69.2%) | 15 (55.6%) | 10 (35.7%)*** | 10 (66.7%) | 7 (53.8%) | 4 (40.0%) | 2 (28.6%) | 1 (25.0%) | 4.22 | 1.77–10.05 |
| Virtual MOUD/MAT initiation visits | 80 (68.4%) | 13 (48.1%) | 10 (35.7%)** | 10 (66.7%) | 6 (46.2%) | 4 (40.0%) | 2 (28.6%) | 1 (25.0%) | 3.89 | 1.64–9.25 |
| Expanded Naloxone prescription | 63 (53.8%) | 11 (40.7%) | 16 (57.1%) | 11 (73.3%) | 6 (46.2%) | 4 (40.0%) | 4 (57.1%) | 2 (50.0%) | ||
| Street teams to assess patients who are homeless | 52 (44.4%) | 12 (44.4%) | 17 (60.7%) | 13 (86.7%)** | 7 (53.8%) | 7 (70.0%) | 5 (71.4%) | 2 (50.0%) | .12 | .03–.57 |
| Changes in abstinence requirements for medication or other treatment options | 59 (50.4%) | 19 (70.4%) | 9 (32.1%) | 11 (73.3%) | 7 (53.8%) | 4 (40.0%) | 1 (14.3%) | 2 (50.0%) | ||
| Expanded use of injectable/implantable buprenorphine | 56 (47.9%) | 9 (33.3%) | 15 (53.6%) | 8 (53.3%) | 7 (53.8%) | 3 (30.0%) | 4 (57.1%) | 1 (25.0%) | ||
| Expanded use of injectable naltrexone | 59 (50.4%) | 9 (33.3%) | 15 (53.6%) | 6 (40.0%) | 6 (46.2%) | 4 (40.0%) | 3 (42.9%) | 0 (0.0%) | ||
| Providing medication refills without in-person visits | 57 (48.7%) | 9 (33.3%) | 15 (53.6%) | 9 (60.0%) | 3 (23.1%) | 5 (50.0%) | 4 (57.1%) | 1 (25.0%) | ||
| Expanded access to take-home methadone | 41 (35.0%) | 21 (77.8%)*** | 13 (46.4%) | 10 (66.7%)* | 4 (30.8%) | 2 (20.0%) | 2 (28.6%) | 1 (25.0%) |
.15*** .27* |
.06–.41 .09–.84 |
| Definition of patient stability | 44 (37.6%) | 17 (63.0%) | 9 (32.1%) | 7 (46.7%) | 4 (30.8%) | 3 (30.0%) | 3 (42.9%) | 1 (25.0%) | ||
| Providing longer durations of MOUD/MAT prescriptions | 46 (39.3%) | 13 (48.1%) | 11 (39.3%) | 7 (46.7%) | 4 (30.8%) | 4 (40.0%) | 2 (28.6%) | 2 (50.0%) | ||
| Providing more refills of MOUD/MAT prescriptions | 42 (35.9%) | 11 (40.7%) | 10 (35.7%) | 8 (53.3%) | 3 (23.1%) | 3 (30.0%) | 2 (28.6%) | 1 (25.0%) | ||
| Observed medication administration through live-video | 42 (35.9%) | 10 (37.0%) | 7 (25.0%) | 5 (33.3%) | 4 (30.8%) | 4 (40.0%) | 3 (42.9%) | 0 (0.0%) | ||
| Medications mailed to patients | 34 (29.1%) | 5 (18.5%) | 9 (32.1%) | 9 (60.0%)* | 2 (15.4%) | 2 (20.0%) | 2 (28.6%) | 1 (25.0%) | .27 | .09–.83 |
| Partnering with a patient surrogate | 27 (23.1%) | 10 (37.0%) | 8 (28.6%) | 5 (33.3%) | 3 (23.1%) | 2 (20.0%) | 3 (42.9%) | 1 (25.0%) | ||
| Utox screens via mail | 39 (33.3%) | 4 (14.8%) | 4 (14.3%) | 4 (26.7%) | 2 (15.4%) | 2 (20.0%) | 2 (28.6%) | 0 (0.0%) | ||
| Video recording of observed medication administration sent to provider | 25 (21.4%) | 8 (29.6%) | 6 (21.4%) | 4 (26.7%) | 2 (15.4%) | 3 (30.0%) | 1 (14.3%) | 0 (0.0%) | ||
Outpatient services program is the reference category for the multinomial logistic regression and prevention, crisis services, and office-based programs were not included in analyses due to limited sample sizes; *p < .05 **p < .01 ***p < .001; CI, confidence interval; MOUD/MAT, medication for opioid use disorder and medication-assisted treatment; Utox, urine toxicology