Table 4.
Main interventions and organ dysfunctions in patients with severe COVID-19 and ARDS.
| Items | Total (n = 46) | Non-survival (n = 18) | Survival (n = 28) | t/χ2/Z | P-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| HFNC before IMV | 30 (65.2) | 13 (72.2) | 17 (60.7) | 0.640 | 0.424 |
| NIV before IMV | 26 (56.5) | 10 (55.6) | 16 (57.1) | 0.011 | 0.916 |
| Interval between hospital admission and mechanical ventilation (days) | 4.0 (1.5–9.5) | 8.0 (2.5–12.0) | 4.0 (1.0–7.0) | 1.511 | 0.131 |
| Total length of HFNC + NIV before IMV (h) | 53 (0–180) | 72 (0–180) | 48 (0–200) | 0.213 | 0.831 |
| Total length of mechanical ventilation (days) | 12.0 (6.0–27.3) | 9.5 (6.5–12.3) | 16.5 (6.0–32.8) | 1.714 | 0.087 |
| Vt after intubation (mL/kg) | 6.00 (5.8–6.0) | 6.00 (5.9–6.0) | 6.00 (5.8–6.0) | 0.000 | 1.000 |
| FiO2 after intubation (%) | 75.0 (50.0–100.0) | 85.0 (57.5–100.0) | 75.0 (46.3–100.0) | 0.854 | 0.393 |
| PaO2/FiO2 ratio after intubation (mmHg) | 113.0 (83.9–177.7) | 101.5 (89.8–153.8) | 128.6 (71.8–192.8) | 0.984 | 0.325 |
| PEEP after intubation (cmH2O) | 10 (8–10) | 10 (7–10) | 10 (8–10) | 0.327 | 0.744 |
| Cstat after intubation (mL/cmH2O) | 28 (17–36) | 22 (17–34) | 29 (17–40) | 1.422 | 0.162 |
| NMBAs | 35 (76.1) | 14 (77.8) | 21 (75.0) | 0.046 | 0.829 |
| Prone position ventilation | 28 (60.9) | 9 (50.0) | 19 (67.9) | 1.467 | 0.226 |
| ECMO | 11 (23.9) | 3 (16.6) | 8 (28.6) | 1.963 | 0.161 |
| Respiratory support decision score | 11.0 (7.8–16.0) | 8.5 (6.0–10.3) | 15.0 (10.3–17.0) | 3.366 | 0.001 |
| Medication | |||||
| Lopinavir/ritonavir (Kaletra) | 4 (8.7) | 2 (11.1) | 2 (7.1) | 0.217 | 0.641 |
| Umifenovir (Arbidol) | 11 (23.9) | 3 (16.7) | 8 (28.6) | 0.853 | 0.356 |
| Glucocorticoid therapy | 37 (80.4) | 15 (83.3) | 22 (78.6) | 0.158 | 0.691 |
| Anti-Gram-negative bacteria drug | 44 (95.7) | 18 (100.0) | 26 (92.9) | 1.344 | 0.246 |
| Anti-Gram-positive bacteria drug | 43 (93.5) | 18 (100.0) | 25 (89.3) | 2.063 | 0.151 |
| Antifungal drug | 18 (39.1) | 4 (22.2) | 14 (50.0) | 3.549 | 0.060 |
| Complications | |||||
| Shock | 42 (91.3) | 18 (100.0) | 24 (85.7) | 2.816 | 0.093 |
| Acute cardiac injury | 23 (50.0) | 10 (55.6) | 13 (46.4) | 0.365 | 0.564 |
| Arrhythmia | 25 (54.3) | 10 (55.6) | 15 (53.6) | 0.017 | 0.895 |
| AKI | 17 (37.0) | 7 (38.9) | 10 (35.7) | 0.047 | 0.828 |
Data expressed as median (interquartile range) and n (%).
AKI: Acute kidney injury; ARDS: Acute respiratory distress syndrome; COVID-19: Coronavirus disease 2019; Cstat: Static compliance; ECMO: Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation; FiO2: Fraction of inspired oxygen; HFNC: High-flow nasal cannula; IMV: Invasive mechanical ventilation; NIV: Non-invasive ventilation; NMBAs: Neuromuscular blocking agents; PaCO2: Partial pressure of carbon dioxide; PaO2: Partial pressure of arterial oxygen; PEEP: Positive end-expiratory pressure; Vt: Tidal volume.