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. 2022 Feb 2;33(2):20. doi: 10.1007/s10856-022-06646-7

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© The Author(s) 2022

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 3 — S. mutans adhesion shortly after the start of the 1 h incubation period on Ti with or without serum precoating. A SEM and CLSM images showed the morphology of bacterial cells adhered to NTDT, NTDT-P, NTPT, NTPT-P, AAPT, and AAPT-P. S. mutans showed a normal shape and structure (long chain). Some scattered S. mutans and small colonies were observed after 1 h of incubation. Bacterial aggregation on AAPT and AAPT-P seemed to be more evident than on NTPT and NTDT as well as on NTPT-P and NTDT-P. B Quantification of bacterial adhesion in each group was performed by measuring the absorbance at 595 nm (n = 4). The results showed that bacteria adhered more to porous samples than to dense samples (p < 0.05) and adhered more to nonprecoated samples than to protein-precoated samples (p < 0.05)