Table 2.
Univariate analysis of variables associated with recurrence-free survival and overall survival
| Variable | Recurrence-free survival | Overall survival | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| HR (95% CI) | p value | HR (95% CI) | p value | |
| Sex | ||||
| Male | 1.0 (reference) | 1.0 (reference) | ||
| Female | 0.855 (0.652–1.121) | 0.256 | 0.966 (0.735–1.270) | 0.806 |
| Chemotherapy switch | ||||
| No | 1.0 (reference) | 1.0 (reference) | ||
| Yes | 1.231 (0.897–1.690) | 0.197 | 1.022 (0.725–1.440) | 0.903 |
| More than six chemotherapy cycles | ||||
| No | 1.0 (reference) | 1.0 (reference) | ||
| Yes | 1.085 (0.944–1.246) | 0.251 | 0.696 (0.520–0.931) | 0.015 |
| Chemoradiation | ||||
| No | 1.0 (reference) | 1.0 (reference) | ||
| Yes | 0.978 (0.683–1.4) | 0.901 | 1.026 (0.704–1.497) | 0.893 |
| Operation type | ||||
| Total pancreatectomy | 1.0 (reference) | 1.0 (reference) | ||
| Distal pancreatectomy | 1.210 (0.792–1.849) | 0.378 | 1.272 (0.809–2.002) | 0.298 |
| Pancreaticoduodenectomy | 0.890 (0.613–1.293) | 0.541 | 1.033 (0.692–1.542) | 0.874 |
| Approach | ||||
| Open | 1.0 (reference) | 1.0 (reference) | ||
| MIS | 1.123 (0.784–1.608) | 0.526 | 1.097 (0.776–1.549) | 0.601 |
| Perioperative PRBC transfusion | ||||
| No | 1.0 (reference) | 1.0 (reference) | ||
| Yes | 1.274 (0.962–1.689) | 0.092 | 1.331 (1.004–1.765) | 0.047 |
| Tumor grade | ||||
| 0a | 1.0 (reference) | 1.0 (reference) | ||
| 1 | 2.038 (0.907–4.583) | 0.085 | 1.755 (0.788–3.907) | 0.169 |
| 2 | 3.097 (1.514–6.332) | 0.002 | 2.958 (1.446–6.050) | 0.003 |
| 3/4 | 3.419 (1.609–7.267) | 0.001 | 2.904 (1.362–6.189) | 0.006 |
| Lymphovascular invasion | ||||
| No | 1.0 (reference) | 1.0 (reference) | ||
| Yes | 1.117 (0.774–1.614) | 0.553 | 1.104 (0.767–1.589) | 0.594 |
| Margin status | ||||
| Negative | 1.0 (reference) | 1.0 (reference) | ||
| Positive | 1.188 (0.741–1.907) | 0.474 | 2.132 (1.410–3.225) | < 0.001 |
| Lymph node status | ||||
| Negative | 1.0 (reference) | 1.0 (reference) | ||
| Positive | 1.476 (1.106–1.970) | 0.008 | 1.494 (1.119–1.994) | 0.006 |
| Pathologic treatment response | ||||
| Minor | 1.0 (reference) | 1.0 (reference) | ||
| Major | 0.474 (0.344–0.654) | < 0.001 | 0.398 (0.285–0.557) | < 0.001 |
| Any vascular resection | ||||
| No | 1.0 (reference) | 1.0 (reference) | ||
| Yes | 1.072 (0.814–1.413) | 0.621 | 1.128 (0.853–1.492) | 0.398 |
| Multivisceral organ resection | ||||
| No | 1.0 (reference) | 1.0 (reference) | ||
| Yes | 1.226 (0.873–1.721) | 0.240 | 1.512 (1.073–2.131) | 0.018 |
| CA19-9 elevation at diagnosis | ||||
| No | 1.0 (reference) | 1.0 (reference) | ||
| Yes | 1.186 (0.837–1.680) | 0.337 | 1.105 (0.774–1.579) | 0.582 |
| CA19-9 normalization | ||||
| No | 1.0 (reference) | 1.0 (reference) | ||
| Yes | 0.607 (0.461–0.798) | < 0.001 | 0.510 (0.386–0.673) | < 0.001 |
| Readmission | ||||
| No | 1.0 (reference) | 1.0 (reference) | ||
| Yes | 0.964 (0.706–1.316) | 0.816 | 1.087 (0.793–1.489) | 0.605 |
| Any complication | ||||
| No | 1.0 (reference) | 1.0 (reference) | ||
| Yes | 1.046 (0.789–1.386) | 0.757 | 1.088 (0.818–1.448) | 0.562 |
| Higher than grade III complication | ||||
| No | 1.0 (reference) | 1.0 (reference) | ||
| Yes | 1.188 (0.883–1.599) | 0.255 | 1.360 (1.005–1.841) | 0.046 |
| POPF | ||||
| No | 1.0 (reference) | 1.0 (reference) | ||
| Yes | 0.968 (0.627–1.493) | 0.882 | 1.160 (0.763–1.762) | 0.488 |
| PPH | ||||
| No | 1.0 (reference) | 1.0 (reference) | ||
| Yes | 1.221 (0.733–2.034) | 0.443 | 1.554 (0.969–2.495) | 0.068 |
| DGE | ||||
| No | 1.0 (reference) | 1.0 (reference) | ||
| Yes | 0.887 (0.606–1.299) | 0.539 | 0.966 (0.665–1.401) | 0.854 |
| Adjuvant therapy | ||||
| No | 1.0 (reference) | 1.0 (reference) | ||
| Yes | 0.982 (0.745–1.295) | 0.899 | 0.750 (0.563–0.998) | 0.048 |
HR hazard ratio, CI confidence interval, MIS minimally invasive surgery, CA carbohydrate antigen, PRBC packed red blood cells, POPF postoperative pancreatic fistula, PPH post-pancreatectomy hemorrhage, DGE delayed gastric emptying
aGrade 0—complete pathologic response