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Summary of the effect of acetate on S. pneumoniae stimulated macrophages. Acetate increases the glycolysis, leading to higher HIF-1α activation. HIF-1α transcription factor enhance expression of Il1b gene. At the same time, acetate dependent on NLRP3 inflammasome increases IL-1β secretion. In an autocrine manner, IL-1β increases the production of nitric oxide (NO), which leads to S. pneumoniae killing.
