Table 1.

General Characteristics of the Study Population

Population	N (%) or Mean ± SD
Persons	49,712,702
Deaths	13,213,500
Person-months	3,119,343,105
Pollution concentration	Mean ± SD	Median (25th, 75th)	Range
NO2, ppb	10.90 ± 6.44	9.14 (6.13, 13.98)	1.03 – 47.04
PM2.5, μg/m3	9.59 ± 3.12	9.44 (7.56, 11.45)	0.70 – 25.79
Black Carbon, μg/m3	0.78 ± 0.38	0.70 (0.53,0.95)	0.00 – 3.23
Individual characteristics	N (%)	NO2, ppb Mean ± SD	PM2.5, μg/m3 Mean ± SD	Black Carbon, μg/m3 Mean ± SD
Sex
Male	22,032,670 (44.32)	10.84 ± 6.43	9.55 ± 3.13	0.77 ± 0.38
Female	27,680,032 (55.68)	10.94 ± 6.45	9.62 ± 3.12	0.78 ± 0.38
Race
White	43,220,223 (86.94)	9.51 ± 5.65	9.17 ± 3.00	0.72 ± 0.33
Black	4,518,885 (9.9)	11.13 ± 6.40	10.61 ± 2.74	0.88 ± 0.35
Asian	512,041 (1.03)	14.33 ± 6.75	10.54 ± 3.33	0.94 ± 0.48
Hispanic	805,346 (1.62)	13.61 ± 7.36	9.85 ± 3.55	0.85 ± 0.50
Native American	656,208 (1.32)	9.30 ± 5.79	7.75 ± 3.30	0.61 ± 0.35
Neighborhood characteristics
Urban	38,775,908 (78.00)	12.8 ± 6.5	10.4 ± 3.1	0.87 ± 0.41
Micropolitan	5,518,110 (11.10)	6.8 ± 2.3	8.5 ± 2.6	0.67 ± 0.27
Rural	5,418,685 (10.90)	5.4 ± 1.9	7.8 ± 2.5	0.61 ± 0.27
Geological regions
West	9,296,275 (18.70)	14.45 ± 7.48	8.39 ± 4.53	0.81 ± 0.61
Midwest	10,489,380 (21.10)	9.55 ± 5.25	9.72 ± 2.83	0.66 ± 0.23
South	11,985,732 (24.11)	7.98 ± 3.75	10.07 ± 2.29	0.80 ± 0.28
Northeast	17,936,343 (36.08)	14.38 ± 7.18	9.79 ± 2.71	0.88 ± 0.33