Table 2.
Mortality Hazard Ratios (95% CI) Associated with a 10 ppb Increase in 12-month Moving Average NO2 Exposure: by Cause of Death in Base and PM2.5- and BC-Adjusted Models
| Cause of Death | HR a | PM2.5-Adjusted HR |
BC-Adjusted HR d | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2-stageb | 2-pollutant c | |||
|
| ||||
| All-Cause | 1.14 (1.13,1.15) | 1.06 (1.05,1.06) | 1.14 (1.13,1.15) | 1.14 (1.13,1.15) |
| Non-Accidental | 1.14 (1.14,1.15) | 1.06 (1.06,1.07) | 1.15 (1.14,1.15) | 1.15 (1.14,1.15) |
| Accidental | 0.99 (0.95,1,03) | 0.98 (0.95,1.02) | 0.98 (0.94,1,02) | 0.98 (0.94,1,02) |
| All cardiovascular | 1.23 (1.22,1.24) | 1.10 (1.10,1.11) | 1.24 (1.23,1.25) | 1.24 (1.23,1.26) |
| IHD | 1.26 (1.24,1.27) | 1.12 (1.11,1.13) | 1.27 (1.25,1.29) | 1.28 (1.27,1.30) |
| CBV | 1.25 (1.22,1.28) | 1.08 (1.06,1.10) | 1.24 (1.21,1.27) | 1.28 (1.25,1.30) |
| CHF | 1.16 (1.12,1.21) | 1.10 (1.06,1.13) | 1.19 (1.15,1.24) | 1.19 (1.14,1.23) |
| All respiratory | 1.17 (1.15,1.19) | 1.09 (1.08,1.11) | 1.19 (1.17,1.21) | 1.17 (1.15,1.19) |
| COPD | 1.06 (1.03,1.08) | 1.03 (1.01,1.05) | 1.06 (1.04,1.09) | 1.06 (1.03,1.08) |
| Pneumonia | 1.33 (1.29,1.37) | 1.23 (1.19,1.27) | 1.41 (1.36,1.47) | 1.36 (1.31,1.40) |
| All Cancer | 1.04 (1.03,1.06) | 1.01 (1.00,1.02) | 1.04 (1.03,1.05) | 1.04 (1.03,1.06) |
| Lung Cancer | 1.04 (1.02,1.07) | 1.03 (1.01,1.05) | 1.05 (1.03,1.08) | 1.04 (1.02,1.07) |
a
Base models with strata for sex (male, female), race (White, non-White), age (1 year age categories with 90+ years old as one category), ZIP code and adjusted for ZIP code- and state-level SES by including the two SES variables as covariates.
b
Base models with additional adjustment for 12-month PM2.5 using a two-stage approach.
c
Base models with additional adjustment for PM2.5 using 2-pollutant modeling approach.
d
Base models with additional adjustment for annual BC using a 2-pollutant modeling approach.