Table 1 |.
Genes involved in copper homeostasis and cuproplasia
| Gene | Name | Function |
|---|---|---|
| CP | Ceruloplasmin | Major exchangeable plasma Cu carrier |
| CTR1 (also known as SLC31A1) | Copper transporter 1 | High-affinity Cu importer |
| CTR2 (also known as SLC31A2) | Copper transporter 2 | CTR1 regulator |
| ATOX1 | Antioxidant protein 1 | Cytosolic Cu metallochaperone |
| CCS | Copper chaperone for superoxide dismutase | Cytosolic Cu metallochaperone |
| COX11 | Copper chaperone for cytochrome c oxidase 11 | Mitochondrial Cu metallochaperone |
| COX17 | Copper chaperone for cytochrome c oxidase 17 | Mitochondrial Cu metallochaperone |
| SCO1 | Synthesis of cytochrome oxidase 1 | Mitochondrial Cu metallochaperone |
| SCO2 | Synthesis of cytochrome oxidase 1 | Mitochondrial Cu metallochaperone |
| COA6 | Cytochrome c oxidase assembly factor 6 | Mitochondrial Cu metallochaperone |
| SLC25A3 | Phosphate carrier protein | Mitochondrial Cu importer |
| ATP7A | ATPase 7A | Cu exporter/Golgi apparatus Cu chaperone |
| ATP7B | ATPase 7B | Cu exporter/Golgi apparatus Cu chaperone |
| MT1 and MT2 | Metallothionein | Cu/Zn storage protein |
| COX1 and MT-CO2 | Subunits 1 and 2 of cytochrome c oxidase | Respiratory O2 reduction |
| SOD1 | Superoxide dismutase 1 | Superoxide scavenger |
| TYR | Tyrosinase | Tyrosine oxidation |
| LOXL2 | Lysyl oxidase like-protein 2 | Lysine oxidation |
| DBH | Dopamine β-hydroxylase | Dopamine oxidation |
| AOC3 (also known as VAP1) | Amine oxidase 3 (vascular adhesion protein 1) | Amine oxidation |
| MEK1 and MEK2 (also known as MAP2K1 and MAPK2) | Mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 1/2 | Protein kinase |
| ULK1/ULK2 | Unc51-like kinase 1/2 | Protein kinase |
| PDK1 | 3-Phosphoinositide dependent protein kinase 1 | Protein kinase |
| PDE3B | Phosphodiesterase 3B | Cyclic AMP degradation |
| UBE2D1, UBE2D2, UBE2D3 and UBE2D4 | E2D ubiquitin conjugating enzyme E2 D1, D2, D3 and D4 | Ubiquitin conjugation to protein target |
| H3C1 and HC14 | Histone H3.1 and Histone H4 in the H3/H4 tetramer | Copper reductase |
| VEGFA | Vascular endothelial growth factor A | Growth factor |
| PD1L1 (also known as CD274) | Programmed cell death 1 Ligand 1 | Immune response control |