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. 2022 Feb 2;12:1770. doi: 10.1038/s41598-022-05905-5

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© The Author(s) 2022

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Schematic representation of the study methodology. (A) The video of the participants sleeping during REM sleep, filmed by two cameras, was cut into mini-epochs of 3 s. and visualized; each mini-epoch was classified as presenting an absence of behaviour, a behaviour without apparent emotion (qualified as neutral), a positive behaviour (smile, laughter) or a negative behaviour (painful, angry or sad faces, screaming, yelling at someone, aggressive behaviour, fighting …). (B) The electro-oculographic recording was divided into 3 s. mini-epoch time locked with the video and each mini-epoch was classified as without eye movements (EMs), with slow eye movements (SEMs), with isolated rapid eye movements (REMs) (1 or 2 consecutive REMs) or with REM bursts (3 or more consecutive REMs). (C) The association between the different types of EMs and the different behaviours was then analysed statistically.