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. 2022 Jan 10;126(3):472–481. doi: 10.1038/s41416-021-01593-6

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 1 — a Volcano plot for 324 miRNAs profiled in 183 breast cancer patients as compared to 106 healthy individuals in the discovery cohort. Eighty-six miRNAs with p-values of less than 0.01 and magnitudes of log2 (fold change) of more than 0.5 are highlighted in red. b Heat-map of 663 cancer and non-cancer samples clustered using the expression of 33 selected miRNA biomarkers identified in the Discovery cohort. The expression levels (copy/ml) of miRNAs are presented in log2 scale and standardised to zero mean. The colour scale represents the concentrations of miRNA. Hierarchical clustering was carried out for both dimensions (miRNAs: Y-axis, samples: X-axis) based on the Euclidean distance. c Correlation of log2 (fold change) for 33 selected miRNA biomarker candidates in the Discovery cohort and Validation 1 cohort. The miRNA biomarker candidates with p-values larger than 0.05 in the validation 1 cohort are highlighted in red.