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. 2022 Feb 2;12:1730. doi: 10.1038/s41598-022-05856-x

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© This is a U.S. Government work and not under copyright protection in the US; foreign copyright protection may apply 2022

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Geographic distribution and structure plots for each collection site (black squares) overlaid on the historical distribution of the species described in Wirth and Jones 1957. The fastSTRUCTURE results are for 206 individuals inferred by 3612 SNPs and assuming five populations (K = 5). The vertical bars within each collection site represents an individual, with each color representing a cluster. The putative species identity of each cluster are as follows: Culicoides occidentalis (blue), C. sonorensis (teal), C. albertensis (yellow), C. variipennis (red), and an unidentified population in San Diego, CA (CASD) (green). The black bars above the overall structure plot indicates an individual for which the COI gene was also sequenced. The individuals inferred to be hybrids are labeled h1-7. This map was created using Inkscap v.1.1 (https://inkscape.org/).