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. 2022 Feb 2;12:1763. doi: 10.1038/s41598-022-04868-x

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© The Author(s) 2022

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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The effect of pulse repetition rate on the thresholds for electroporation (YP) and cell killing (Pr) by bursts of unipolar (A) and bipolar (B) pulses. Ten bursts of 10 pulses each were delivered at a constant rate of 1 Hz, while the repetition rate within the bursts was varied. At the lowest rate shown (10⁰ Hz), pulses were delivered as a single 100-pulse train. Pulse duration (A) and single phase duration (B) was 600 ns. Dashed lines are best fits using power function. Electroporation thresholds were measured from the borders of YO-PRO-1 (YP) dye uptake; the dye was added before the pulse treatment and removed 30 min after it. Electric field thresholds for cell death were measured from the borders of propidium (Pr) staining when the dye was added 2 h after the pulse treatment. See text for more details.