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. 2022 Feb 2;12:1763. doi: 10.1038/s41598-022-04868-x

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© The Author(s) 2022

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Monitoring the temperature rise due to PEF exposure with thermochromic liquid crystal sheets. Images were taken by the end of exposure to a train of 300 pulses at 10 or 100 Hz (A) or to a series of 10 bursts at 1 Hz (B). Each burst consisted of 10 uni- or bipolar pulses at 300 kHz. Other exposure parameters are marked in the legends. Temperatures at the color transitions are labeled in panel B according to the manufacturer’s specifications.