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. 2022 Feb 2;12:1763. doi: 10.1038/s41598-022-04868-x

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© The Author(s) 2022

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Electric field thresholds for electroporation (YP) and cell killing (Pr) by unipolar pulses of different duration. Trains of 10, 100, or 300 pulses (left to right panels) were applied at 10 Hz. Electroporation thresholds were measured from the borders of YO-PRO-1 (YP) dye uptake; the dye was added before the pulse treatment and removed 30 min after it. Electric field thresholds for cell death were measured from the borders of propidium (Pr) staining when the dye was added 4 h after the pulse treatment. See text for more details. Dashed lines are the best fits using power function, separately for pulse duration less than 1 µs; from 1 µs to 100 or 300 µs; and for still longer pulses. Error bars may be not visible when they are smaller than the central symbol.