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. 2021 Nov 25;44(1):519–532. doi: 10.1007/s11357-021-00491-2

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 3 — Relative risks for pneumonia comparing maximal versus minimal amount of physical activity, grouped according to several study-level characteristics The summary estimates presented were calculated using fixed effects models; CI, confidence interval (bars); PA, physical activity; RR, relative risk; a single asterisk (*), p-value for meta-regression; double asterisks (**), analysis is based on 3 studies in men and 2 studies in women; triple asterisks (***), studies included in each subgroup