Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of observational cohort studies included in review
| Author, year of publication | Study name | Country | Year of study | Male % | Mean age, yr | Follow-up, yr | PA exposure, type | Risk comparisons | No. of cases | No. of participants | Endpoint | Complete adjustment |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Hamer, 2019 | HSE/SHS | UK | 1994–1995/1997–1999/2003–2004/2006/2008 | 46.6 | 47.1 | 9.4 | Total PA, Aerobic plus resistance | Sufficiently active vs inactive | 579 | 97,844 | Pneumonia deaths | Age, sex, longstanding illness, social occupational status, and mutually for physical activity, BMI category, cigarette smoking, alcohol |
| Inoue, 2007 | JACC Study | Japan | 1988–1990 | 41.9 | 57.8 | 10.0 | Playing sports, Aerobic plus resistance | > 4 vs 1–2 h/week | 1246 | 110,792 | Pneumonia deaths | Age and history of DM |
| Neuman, 2010 | NHS II | USA | 1989–1989 | 0 | 36.0 | 12.0 | Total PA, Aerobic plus resistance | Top vs bottom quintile | 1265 | 83,165 | Incident pneumonia | Age, BMI, smoking, and alcohol use |
| Baik, 2000 | HPFS | USA | 1990 | 100.0 | 56.4 | 6.0 | Total PA, Aerobic plus resistance | Top vs bottom quintile | 290 | 26,429 | Incident pneumonia | Age, smoking, and alcohol intake |
| Paulsen, 2017 | HUNT2 | Norway | 1995–1997 | 46.8 | 48.6 | 14.8 | Total PA, Aerobic plus resistance | High vs none | 186 | 64,027 | Incident pneumonia | Age and sex |
| Hemila, 2006 | ATBC | Finland | 1985–1993 | 100 | NR | 3.0 | Leisure PA, Aerobic plus resistance | Heavy vs light | 65 | 7835 | Incident pneumonia | Age, BMI, smoking status, duration of smoking, coffee, and alcohol consumption |
| Ogunmoroti, 2016 | MESA | USA | 2000–2002 | 47.2 | 62.0 | 10.2 | Total PA, Aerobic plus resistance | Ideal vs poor | 334 | 6506 | Incident pneumonia | Age, sex, race/ethnicity, education, and income |
| Ahmadi, 2021 | UK Biobank | UK | 2006–2010 | 45.4 | 56.5 | 11.3 | Total PA, Aerobic plus resistance | Sufficient vs inactive | 3170 | 468,569 | Pneumonia deaths | Age, sex, socioeconomic status, ethnicity, BMI, corticosteroid use, and comorbidities (CVDs, cancers, diabetes, chronic respiratory disease, liver disease, end-stage renal disease, immune disorders/HIV, and hypertension) |
| Ikeda, 2020 | Japanese Specific Health Checkup | Japan | 2008 | 39.2 | 69.2 | 3.4 | Walking, Aerobic | Walking vs no walking habits | 145 | 177,075 | Pneumonia deaths | Age, sex, BMI, smoking status, alcohol drinking habits, past history of heart diseases and stroke, hypertension, DM and residential municipalities |
| Jackson, 2016 | ACT | USA | 1994–1996/2000–2003 | 40.0 | NR | 2.0 | Exercise, Aerobic | 4–7 vs 0 days/week | 401 | 2250 | Incident pneumonia | Age, sex, COPD, CHF, use of home oxygen, difficulties in dressing or walking half a mile, history of alcohol-related aggressive behavior, BMI, and use of corticosteroids |
BMI, body mass index; CAP, community-acquired pneumonia; CHF, congestive heart failure; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; CVD, cardiovascular disease; DM, diabetes mellitus; HIV, human immunodeficiency virus; PA, physical activity
Study abbreviations: ACT, Adult Changes in Thought; ATBC, Alpha-Tocopherol, Beta-Carotene Cancer Prevention; HPFS, Health Professionals Follow-up Study; HSE/SHS, Health Survey for England/Scottish Health Survey; HUNT, Nord-Trøndelag Health Study; JACC, Japan Collaborative Cohort Study for Evaluation of Cancer Risk; MESA, Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis; NHS, Nurses Health Study