Table 1.

Biocompatibility of nanomaterials by consuming different nanofoods products.

Nanomaterial	Nanomaterial structure	Average size (nm)	Synthesis of food nanomaterial	Oral administration	Interaction with human organ/cells	Biocompatibility assessment	References
Zinc-layered hydroxychloride		30 nm	Zinc-layered hydroxychloride coupled with yeast β-glucan	Fish spleen leukocytes	Improvement in cell viability against the bacterium V. parahaemolyticus, stimulate antioxidant activity	Cellular immune response was evaluated	(40)
Silver nano-particles		2 nm	Biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles utilizing crustacean β-glucan binding protein	Blue swimmer crab Portunus pelagicus	Exhibit antibiofilm property against pathogens to avoid chronic infections	Limit toxicity impact, synthesized from protein to improve biocompatibility	(41)
Gold nano-particles		1 nm	β-glucan-based coating on gold nanoparticles	Edible mushroom Pleurotus florida	Enhance the growth and activity of gut microbiota, boost innate immunity	Biodistribution of nanohybrids in the gastrointestinal tract	(42)
Carbon dots		2.75 nm	Extracted from grilled pike eel	Fish Muraenesox cinereus	Possess physicochemical properties and health benefit	Excellent biocompatibility, low toxicity	(43)
Lipid nano-particles		50 nm	Chitosan coating on curcumin loaded solid nanoparticles	Curcumin Curcuma longa	Enhance the efficacy, stability, and solubility of absorbed curcumin within the cells	Non-toxicity, biocompatibility	(44)
Chitosan/alginate nano-particles		20 nm	Quercetin encapsulated in nano-particles	Natural antioxidant quercetin	Improve activity of encapsulated antioxidant	Better protection against oxidative stress, lack of toxicity	(45)
Silica nano-particles		10 nm	Synthesis of biogenic silica using rice husk	Rice husk	Cellular morphological changes in human mesenchymal stem cells	Excellent biocompatibility by variable composition, structure and density	(46)
Palladium nano-particles		5–15 nm	Synthesized using Couroupita guianensis Aubl fruit extract	Aqueous fruit extract of C. guianensis Aubl	Destroy bacterial pathogens, exhibit anticancer properties	Safe to use in food, does not interact with red blood cells, use as multifunctional hybrid	(47)
Protein based silver nanoparticles		135 nm	Synthesized by full cream milk whey protein by combining with silver nanoparticles	Used in food coatings	Inhibit gram negative bacteria such as Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhi as well as gram positive bacteria Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus subtilis	Low toxicity, effective to use as coating material, high biocompatibility, and effective to use in food products	(48)
Polysaccharide based metallic nano-particles		10–1,000 nm	Synthesized by the combination of gum arabic (GA) and chitosan (CS)	Used as packaging material for curcumin encapsulation	Prevent oxidation of curcumin and active for the release of nano based polysaccharide in gastrointestinal tract	Possess excellent biocompatibility characteristics	(49)