Table 2. Hazard Ratios for Associations of Social Isolation and Loneliness With Incident Major Cardiovascular Disease Among 57 825 Older Women in the Women’s Health Initiative.
| Model | Hazard ratio (95% CI)a | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Social isolationb | Lonelinessc | Social isolation and loneliness | |
| 1d | 1.18 (1.13-1.23) | 1.14 (1.10-1.18) | NA |
| 2e | 1.16 (1.11-1.20) | 1.11 (1.07-1.15) | 1.27 (1.21-1.36) |
| 3f | 1.13 (1.09-1.18) | 1.10 (1.06-1.14) | 1.24 (1.17-1.32) |
| 4g | 1.08 (1.03-1.12) | 1.05 (1.01-1.09) | 1.13 (1.06-1.20) |
Abbreviation: NA, not applicable.
Hazard ratios compare women with high (midpoint of the upper half of the distribution) vs low (midpoint of the lower half of the distribution) levels of each measure.
The median for social isolation was 1.
The median for loneliness was 0.33.
Model 1 was adjusted for age, race and ethnicity, educational level, and depression.
Model 2 was adjusted for model 1 criteria plus loneliness, social isolation, or both depending on the exposure.
Model 3 was adjusted for model 2 criteria plus smoking status, frequency of alcohol consumption, history of depression, physical activity, and diet.
Model 4 was adjusted for model 3 criteria plus history of diabetes, use of hypertension medication, use of hyperlipidemia medication, overall health, and physical functioning.