Table V.

Estimated impact of trainee and advanced practice staff on operative efficiency during arthroplasty. Models were adjusted for body mass index, American Society of Anesthesiologists grade, and presence of arthritic changes.

	THA estimated difference						TKA estimated difference
Presence of:	Mean incision time	p-value*	Mean procedure time	p-value*	Mean room time	p-value*	Mean incision time	p-value*	Mean procedure time	p-value*	Mean room time	p-value*
Surgical fellows†	−8.7	0.281	−16.4	0.077	−8.9	0.349	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A
Medical students	−21.0	0.075	−22.7	0.092	−16.8	0.228	14.4	0.351	25.0	0.157	36.6	0.048
Nursing students	−28.0	0.031	−36.5	0.015	−30.2	0.050	13.1	0.311	14.5	0.324	29.7	0.055
Any student	15.2	0.267	21.3	0.175	11.0	0.496	−14.6	0.400	−18.7	0.343	−39.1	0.060
Physician assistants†	−2.2	0.756	−0.3	0.967	1.0	0.912	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A

^*Multivariate linear regression.

^†Not analyzed for TKA due to insufficient cohort size.

N/A, not applicable; THA, total hip arthroplasty; TKA, total knee arhroplasty.