Figure 3.

HA‐enema suspension therapeutic efficacy in DSS colitis mice model. A) C57BL/6 mice (age: 6–8 weeks) were treated with DSS (2.5%) in drinking water for 7 d, followed by 5 d with regular water. The control group of mice received regular water without DSS. Mice were rectally administered with vehicle (PBS) or naïve HA and HA‐enema (30 mg kg⁻¹ body weight) on day 0, 2, 4. Mice were euthanized on day 12, and the colitis phenotype was assessed, the representative gross morphological changes of colon images. B–D) The percentage of body weight loss, colon lengths, and the ratio of colon weight/length. E–G) Serum levels of TNF‐α and IL‐6, FITC‐Dex flux‐permeability. Statistical analysis was performed using GraphPad Prism software by one‐way ANOVA with Tukey's post hoc test. Data were expressed as the mean ± SD. ****p < 0.0001; ***p < 0.001, **p < 0.01; *p < 0.05. H) MPO activity (milliunits mL⁻¹) were determined in colon tissue homogenate solutions. I–L) Images of H&E, Alcian blue‐stained mucosa sections of colons, stereological estimation of total mucosal wall thickness, mean % volume fraction of mucosa epithelium, and total colitis score. Scale bar indicates 200 µm. Statistical analysis was performed using GraphPad Prism software by one‐way ANOVA with Dunnett's multiple comparisons test. Data were expressed as the mean ± SEM. ****p < 0.0001; ***p < 0.001; **p < 0.01; *p < 0.05.