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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2022 Feb 3.
Published in final edited form as: Biometrics. 2019 May 5;75(3):745–756. doi: 10.1111/biom.13053

FIGURE 2.

FIGURE 2

Alternative causal graphs of the mediation models. A, Causally ordered mediation analysis where the exposure influences the biomarkers. B, Latent-variable mediation analysis where the exposure influences a set of q causally ordered latent factors. C, Latent-variable mediation analysis where the exposure influences a set of q bidirectionally connected latent factors. D, Latent-variable mediation analysis where the exposure influences a set of q bidirectionally connected latent factors and those factors influence bidirectionally connected biomarkers