Table 2.
Descriptions of the studies included in the systematic review.
| Author, Year | Country | Total population | Variables analyzed (Tests) | Results of body composition and motor performance |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| (23) | Spain | 694 children | BMI (body weight and stature); CPA | GIRLS: Laterality: ↓ Childhood with malnutrition; dynamic coordination: ↓ Obesity Childhood; ↑ BMI worse results in motor execution; tonic postural control: ↓ Childhood with overweight/obesity; balance: ↑ Childhood with low weight; ↑ BMI ↓ respiratory control; visual-motor coordination between normal weight and Obesity/overweight childhood: ↑ Childhood with normal weight; spatial orientation: ↑ Childhood with normal weight versus overweight. BOYS: ↑ BMI ↑ Laterality; respiratory control ↓ and visual-motor coordination ↑ in Obesity/overweight childhood. |
| (41) | Germany | 997 children | Height, body weight, BMI, SES, migratory background, motor skills: KTK and 6-min run, questionnaire on levels of daily and leisure activity, determination of sedentary activities | SES group ↓: ↑% obesity childhood, followed by the medium SES group and the high; obesity childhood group: ↑ migration history; overweight and obesity: ↓ gross motor development and resilience; how much ↑ SES, ↑ gross motor development; ↑ socioeconomic level, ↓ BMI and boys ↑ engine testing performance↑ computer/video game time: ↑ probability highest level of sports activity; history of migration: ↓ probability of participating in organized sports or being physically active at leisure |
| (42) | Portugal | 156 children | %GM e IMC (dobras cutâneas, peso e altura); teste Bruininks-Oseretsky de Proficiência Motora - Forma Curta | ↑ Cardiovascular disease risk: 27.5% girls and 24.4% boys excess body weight: 40% girls and 30.3% boys obesity childhood: ↓ gross motor skills and general motor proficiency; |
| (47) | Chile | 668 children | BMI (height and weight); Motor skills: BOTMP-SF test | 5 years: 20.4% overweight and 21.7% obesity; 10 years: 22.9% overweight and 18.1% obesity. Boys: ↑ total motor scores. Obesity childhood: ↓ gross and total motor skills (5 and 10 years) 5 obesity childhood years: ↓ performance in fine motor precision task (drawing lines). Childhood with obesity: ↓ motor skills from 5 to 10 years; ↓ motor proficiency at 5 years did not predict obesity or ↑ BMI. Overweight at 5 years was not enough to produce ↓ motor skills from 5 to 10 years; ↓ motor skill was associated with being overweight at 5 years |
| (48) | Peru | 5193 adolescents sea level, n = 1299 altitude, n = 1292 jungle, n = 2602 | BMI (height and weight); gross motor coordination: KTK; Physical fitness: Four EUROFIT battery tests (static and explosive muscle strength, flexibility, and speed/agility), abdominal muscle resistance of the Fitness gram battery and cardiorespiratory resistance of the American Alliance for Health, Physical Education, Recreation and Dance test battery; peak growth speed | Height, weight, and all motor performance test: ↑ with age except for sitting and reaching the boys outperform the girls in all tests. Girls: have 5 times + chances of ↓ gross motor coordination ↑ gross motor deficit with ↑ age; more mature girls and children: ↓ prone coordination deficits; ↑ BMI: ↑ prone to gross motor deficit. Children living at sea level or altitude: ↑ prone to gross motor deficit↑ flexible and ↑ strength: ↓ the probability of being diagnosed with deficit of gross motor coordination. |
| (43) | Finland | 512 children | Fat body mass,% body fat, and lean mass; weight and height; physical activity: heart rate and movement sensor, PANIC Physical Activity questionnaire; 50-m shuttle test: running speed and agility; 15-m running test; Martin vigorimeter: handgrip strength; test of standing distance jump: explosive strength of the lower limbs; abdominal test; modified flamingo balance test; box and block test: manual dexterity and speed of movement of the upper limb; sit and reach test: flexibility of the lumbar and hamstring muscles; pubertal status. | Boys: more active, ↓ fat mass and% body fat, ↓ 50-m run time and 15-m run test time, ↑ absolute handgrip power, ↑ jump test standing jump, ↑ test errors balance of the modified flamingo, ↓ cubes moved in the box and block test and ↓ distance achieved in the sit and reach test. Children ↑% body fat and levels ↓ moderate to vigorous physical activity: ↓ neuromuscular performance running and jumping tests. Children ↑ body fat content and ↑ MVPA levels: surpass overweight and ↓ children active in the 15-m sprint and the long jump test. Children ↑% of body fat and levels ↓ of physical activity: ↓ neuromuscular performance |
| (54) | Croatia | 333 children | Motor skills: polygon back - coordination, forward bending on a bench - flexibility, 15 ‘‘ manual touch - simple movement speed, long jump - explosive leg strength, flexed and static arm strength, abdominals - repetitive strength and high jump - MMII explosive force; % body fat (sum of subscapular skinfolds and triceps); body fat and fat-free mass; BMI (weight and height). | Obesity girls: between 9% and 13%. Obesity boys: range from 17% with age.7–9 years and 23% 10–11 years. Boys 7–9 years: N/S in motor skills when classified according to body weight. Boys 10–11 years old eutrophic: ↑ coordination, static, explosive and repetitive force. Girls 7–9 years old eutrophic: ↑ static strength and explosive power. Girls 10–11 years old eutrophic: ↑ static strength, explosive power, and coordination |
| (24) | Italy | 231 children | Anthropometric measurements (height, weight, BMI) and motor skills: Sit & Reach test, Forward Roll Test, Forward Throw 2 kg Medicine-ball test, long jump test, 20-m running speed test. | Beginning of the study: 35.8% of children ↑ weight (23.4% overweight childhood; 12.4% obesity childhood); after intervention: ↓ to 29.3% (25.3% overweight childhood; 4% obesity childhood). N/S in the various motor skills. There was an association between BMI and flexibility of the hips and lower back (Sit & Reach Test) or total dynamic body coordination (Advance Test). Overweight childhood: ↑ segmental movements (positive association with BMI), ↓ overall movement performance. |
| (49) | Portugal | 1,276 children | Gross motor coordination (MC): KTK; anthropometry: height and body mass; physical activity: Baecke’s questionnaire; and socioeconomic status (SES) | Overweight and obesity: 17.69% and 7.47%, respectively, for boys, and 20.70% and 5.02% for girls. Eutrophic children: overcome childhood with obesity in all tests of gross motor coordination. Gross scores when walking backwards and moving sideways: ↑ with age and performance boys ↑ when moving sideways |
| (26) | Taiwan | 2,057 children | MABC test; anthropometry: height, body weight, waist and hip circumference, BMI | Manual dexterity and ball skills in girls: scores ↑ mastery of manual dexterity; most anthropometric data (weight, waist circumference): ↑ group with developmental coordination disorder and balance deficits; children in the group with developmental coordination disorder and balance deficits: 2× ↑ probability of being obese |
| (27) | Belgium | 2,517 children initially n = 754 in the second evaluation | BMI, gross motor coordination: KTK, total physical activity: questionnaire | Performance ↓ in KTK at baseline predicted ↑ BMI z score; ↑ baseline BMI z score predicted ↓ KTK performance |
| (20) | Australia | 666 children and adolescents Evaluated at 10 and 14 years old | Anthropometric measurements: height, weight, BMI; engine performance: MAND | 14 years old eutrophic children group: ↑ general motor performance scores. 14 years: ↑ prevalence obesity childhood with mild motor difficulties. ↓ motor performance and BMI ratio; tasks + affected by BMI: those that involved a change in the center of mass; morphological restrictions of overweight and obesity affect the performance of motor tasks in tasks involving changes in the center of mass, but not static measures of strength |
| (28) | Australia | 239 children Obese n = 107 Normal weight n = 132 | Anthropometry: height, weight, BMI; body composition: dual-energy absorptiometry by x-rays; physical activity: uniaxial accelerometers; demographic/background information; activity capacity restrictions: TUDS; 6MWT, TUG; limitation of participation (performance): Multimedia Activity Recall for Children and Adolescents, QVRS | Obesity childhood: ↓ average accelerometry count, maternal education, and family income. Obesity childhood: ↑ mass, BMI, % fat and fat-free mass; obese group: restrictions on the ability to perform the TUG, the 6MWT and the TUDS; Obesity childhood: ↓ time in self-care activities and without physical difficulty in daily activities; obese: impaired quality of life |
| (29) | Canada | 590 children and adolescents | Height, weight (BMI), and % body fat by bioelectrical impedance analysis; BOTMP-SF; active game participation: participation questionnaire | Youth with Developmental Coordination Disorder: ↑% body fat. Boys with Developmental Coordination Disorder: ↑ BMI of all young people. Boys with Developmental Coordination Disorder: ↑ active play participation associated with ↑ BMI and% body fatBoys with Developmental Coordination Disorder: opposite relationship is observed |
| (44) | Belgium | 108 children | Anthropometry: body height, body weight, BMI, % body fat; level of gross motor coordination: KTK; FPAQ | Progression level of gross motor coordination over a period of 2 years was different, depending on the children’s weight status; eutrophic childhood group: ↑ progress; in addition to BMI (negative predictor), participation in sports organized within a sports club (positive predictor) determines the gross performance of motor coordination 2 years later |
| (30) | Australia | 175 children | Anthropometry: height, weight, BMI; fundamental movement skills: TGMD-2 age groups: 7–8 years and 9–10 years; all other SFM: 6 to 7 years and 8 to 10 years | 77% obesity childhood; boys: ↑ BMI and performance in object control skills; girls: ↑ proficiency in locomotor skills; all 12 skills in all age groups: domain prevalence was ↓ among overweight/Obesity childhood |
| (31) | Taiwan | 2,029 children | Height, weight, % body fat; coordination: MABC | Boys and girls with obesity: ↓ general motor coordination, mainly in static and dynamic balance; boys: ↑ developmental coordination disorder (DCD) in the obesity group |
| (32) | Canada | 2,278 children 1,979 performed the motor tests | Height, weight, BMI, waist circumference; identification of developmental coordination disorder: BOTMP-SF | Balance and total impairment score: ↑ obesity and overweight; girls: ↑ balance impairment score in obesity and overweight groups |
| (33) | Italy | 260 children | Anthropometry: height, weight, BMI; self-physical description questionnaire: perceived coordination, body fat and sports competence; drawings of Collins Children’s Figures: body image; Perceived Physical Capacity Scale: strength, speed and agility and tests involving standing long jump, 2 kg medicinal ball toss, 10 × 5 m shuttle race and 20- and 30-m sprints. | Overweight and obesity girls: ↓ perceived and real physical competence, ↑ perceived body fat and ↑ body dissatisfaction eutrophic children: ↑ standing long jump performance, 20-m shuttle run and 30-m run. Obesity childhood: ↑ pitch performance |
| (34) | Italy | 210 children Normal weight n = 105 Overweight n = 105 | Height, weight, BMI; motor performance tests: 3 explosion tests (standing long jump, medicine ball throw, basketball throw; 2 speed tests: 10- and 20-m sprint; body image: children’s drawings of Collins; scale of perception of physical ability for children | Scale of perception of physical ability for children: overweight childhood showed ↑ average body discrepancy; overweight childhood explosion tests: ↑ ball and basketball performance; long jump and 10- and 20-m sprint: eutrophic childhood ↑ performance |
| (45) | Germany | 615 children | Antropometria: altura, peso e IMC; testes motores: TC6; coordenação motora: KTK | Intervention schools: Overweight and Obesity childhood: ↓ motor test results on all tasks |
| (50) | Belgium | 540 children | Anthropometry: height, weight, and BMI; fine motor control: MABC in two postural conditions different: sitting and standing in a tandem position on a balance beam (BB) | Tandem position on balance beam: ↓ obese score in seated condition: N/S between overweight and eutrophic scores performance in placing obese pins: ↓ when seated. |
| (53) | Canada | 578 children | BOTMP-SF, % body fat, weight, height, and BMI | Children with coordination and balance deficit disorder: + prone to being overweight and obesity childhood (analyzing% body fat) |
| (46) | Germany | 668 children | Anthropometry; gross motor development: KTK; resistance: TC6; children’s leisure assessment questionnaires | Boys with coordination and balance deficit disorder: risk factor for overweight and obesity in childhood and early adolescence |
| (52) | Egypt | 676 children | Anthropometry: body height, body weight and BMI; physical fitness: DMT 6-18 | Overweight childhood: 11.24%; obese: 12.28% running and strength skills: negatively + affected by ↓ body weight balance skills affected by ↑ body mass; weight and endurance skills: affected by abnormal ↑ or ↓ body weight |
| (36) | Áustria | 213 classmates | Height, weight, and BMI; DMT 6–18: resistance, power, speed, coordination, and agility; 6MWT questionnaire participation in sports and use of media; migration status | Eutrophic childhood: 83% adolescents overweight/obesity participants: ↓ motor skills development Participants who lost weight or maintained normal weight: ↑ overall motor skill score over 4 years of follow-up + time using media eutrophic adolescents: ↑ performance in various tests of motor skills motor skills during the 4-year observation period: ↑ absolute performance more pronounced in eutrophic adolescents at baseline |
| (55) | Portugal | 596 children | Anthropometry: weight, % fat, height, waist circumference and BMI; motor coordination: KTK; 20-m shuttle-run test: assess cardiorespiratory fitness | Girls: ↓ CM and ↑% body fat BMI, waist circumference, % body fat and waist/height ratio: related to ↓ CM in both sexes, except for the waist/height ratio after adjustments for girls |
| (38) | Switzerland | 656 children | Coordinating and conditional skills: lateral jump, touch, standing jump, 20 m and shuttle run; weight, height, and BMI; nutritional research | Eutrophic childhood: ↑ running performance, side jump, long jump, and shuttle run. Low weight group: ↑ shuttle race performance. Obesity and overweight group: ↓ performance on 4 items of the motor functional tests (lateral jump, standing long jump, 20 m speed and shuttle run) |
| (39) | Brazil | 380 children | Motor performance: MABC-2—manual dexterity, throw receive skills and static and dynamic balance skills. Antrhropometry: weight, height, and BMI | Male: ↑ movement difficulty. Between ages: association N/S; age ranges by skill compared: significant difference between age range and static and dynamic balance skills (between ages 7 and 9 and between ages 7 and 10) motor classification and nutritional status by sex: N/S, which neutralizes any influence of nutritional status on motor classification |
| (40) | Australia | 6917 children | Demographic information: socioeconomic status (SES); fundamental movement skills: sprinting, vertical jumping side canter and jumping and object control skills (catching, throwing by the arm and kicking); cardiorespiratory endurance fitness: 20-m shuttle race test, parents reports of physical activities organized or not; validated physical activity recovery for adolescents questionnaire | Girls: ↑ low competence skills object control association with functional movement screen and inadequate cardiorespiratory fitness. There was no association between low competence and object control skills and overweight students/obesity. Motor skills: ↑ low overweight. Competence association/obesity; consistent associations for most individual motor skills |
BMI, body mass index; CPA, Checklist of Psychomotor Activities; SES, socioeconomic status; KTK, Body coordination test for children, Koërper Koordination Test für Kinder); N/S, not significant; BOTMP-SF, Bruininks–Oseretsky Test of Motor Proficiency—Short Form; MABC, Movement Assessment Battery Test for Children; MAND, McCarron Assessment of Neuromuscular Development; TUDS, timed ascent and descent test; 6MWT, six-minute walk test; TUG, timed up and go; HRQoL, related quality of life; FPAQ, Flemish Physical Activity Questionnaire; TGMD-2, gross motor development test 2; DMT 6–18, German engine test/Deutscher Motorik Test; MLG, Fat-free mass; SLJ, standing long jump; MVPA, moderate to vigorous physical activity; MT, Hand movement time.