Table 1.
Baseline demographics and treatment-related characteristics.
| Characteristicsa | ICU-VRb group (intervention) (n=45) | Control group (n=44) | ||||||
| Baseline demographics | ||||||||
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Age (years), median (IQR) | 61 (54-65) | 59 (51-65) | |||||
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Males, n (%) | 35 (78) | 28 (36) | |||||
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BMI, median (IQR) | 27.6 (25.3-31.1) | 28.0 (25.3-31.2) | |||||
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Participants with a BMI of >30, n (%) | 14 (31) | 18 (41) | ||||
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Educational level, n (%) | |||||||
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Primary education | 14 (31) | 13 (30) | ||||
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Intermediate vocational education | 15 (33) | 20 (46) | ||||
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Higher vocational education | 13 (29) | 7 (16) | ||||
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Academic education | 3 (7) | 4 (9) | ||||
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Employment status, employed, n (%) | 23 (51) | 21 (48) | |||||
| Treatment-related characteristics | ||||||||
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Length of stay in the intensive care unit (days), median (IQR) | 14 (9-25) | 14 (7-28) | |||||
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Length of hospital stay (days), median (IQR) | 22 (12-32) | 24 (13-40) | |||||
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Mechanical ventilation, n (%) | 41 (91) | 38 (86) | |||||
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Duration (hours), median (IQR) | 227 (169-343) | 383 (206-465) | ||||
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Highest positive end-respiratory pressure (cm H2O), median (IQR) | 21 (17-28) | 20 (16-25) | ||||
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Lowest fraction of inspired oxygen (%), median (IQR) | 28 (24-30) | 25 (22-30) | ||||
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Lowest ratio of arterial oxygen (mm Hg), median (IQR) | 0.11 (0.09-0.23) | 0.11 (0.09-0.18) | ||||
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Prone positioning, n (%) | 35 (77) | 36 (82) | ||||
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Medication | |||||||
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Received noradrenaline, n (%) | 37 (82) | 35 (80) | ||||
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Noradrenaline dose (µg/kg/minute), median (IQR) | 0.17 (0.10-0.30) | 0.14 (0.08-0.29) | ||||
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Duration of noradrenaline use (hours), median (IQR) | 186 (32-249) | 167 (96-349) | ||||
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Received midazolam, n (%) | 35 (78) | 33 (75) | ||||
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Midazolam dose (mg/kg/hour), median (IQR) | 0.59 (0.43-0.71) | 0.51 (0.39-0.66) | ||||
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Duration of midazolam use (hours), median (IQR) | 20 (13-93) | 20 (13-36) | ||||
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Received remifentanil, n (%) | 32 (71) | 35 (80) | ||||
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Remifentanil dose (µg/kg/hour), median (IQR) | 14 (10-16) | 14 (6-18) | ||||
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Duration of remifentanil use (hours), median (IQR) | 33 (22-80) | 32 (23-72) | ||||
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Received sufentanil, n (%) | 26 (58) | 28 (63) | ||||
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Sufentanil dose (µg/kg/hour), median (IQR) | 0.55 (0.34-0.83) | 0.60 (0.38-0.70) | ||||
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Duration of sufentanil use (hours), median (IQR) | 8 (1-13) | 10 (6-14) | ||||
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Received rocuronium, n (%) | 22 (49) | 16 (36) | ||||
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Rocuronium dose (mg/kg/hour), median (IQR) | 0.39 (0.05-0.77) | 0.32 (0.01-0.60) | ||||
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Duration of rocuronium use (hours), median (IQR) | 22 (0-28) | 17 (0-22) | ||||
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Illness severity scores | |||||||
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Simplified Acute Physiology Score (version 2), median (IQR) | 31 (26-36) | 31 (26-35) | ||||
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Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation (version 4) score, median (IQR) | 49 (38-60) | 49 (42-59) | ||||
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Admission Sequential Organ Failure Assessment score, median (IQR) | 2 (1-6) | 2 (1-4) | ||||
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Highest Sequential Organ Failure Assessment score, median (IQR) | 8 (6-10) | 7 (6-9) | ||||
aBaseline demographics and treatment-related characteristics were obtained at 3 months after hospital discharge via digital patient records.
bICU-VR: intensive care unit-specific virtual reality.