Table 2.
List of Ti64 scaffolds and animal study designs
| Author, date | Fabrication method | Scaffold shape and size (∅ * h, in mm) | Strut size (µm) | Pore size (µm) | Porosity (%) | Unit cell | Modifications to improve biocompatibility | Animal model | Bone defect | Implantation time (weeks) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Arabnejad et al. 2016 [30] | SLM | C(5 * 10) | 200–400 | 438–772 | 56–70 |
Tetrahedron Octahedron |
/ | Dog | Femur | 4 and 8 |
| Bandyopadhyay et al. 2019 [4] | SLM | C(3 * 5) | / | 60–700 | 25 | / | Anodization treatment | Rat | F-epi | 12 |
| Chen et al. 2019 [31] | SLM | C(6 * 6) | 300 | 600 | 70 | Sphere | / | Dog | Tibia | 4 and 12 |
| Chen et al. 2020 [32] | SLM | C(3 * 4) | / | 500–700 | 60–70 | Octahedron | / | Rat | F-epi | 4 and 12 |
| Crovace et al. 2020 [33] | EBM | C(12 * 400) | / | 3600 | 90 | Gyroid | / | Sheep | Tibia(s) | 48 |
| Fan et al. 2020 [34] | EBM | C(5 * 13) | 382–383 | 659–663 | 70–71 | / | Barium titanate coating | Rabbit | Radius(s) | 6 and 12 |
| Gilev et al. 2019 [35] | SLM | Cubic | / | / | / | / | / | Rabbit | Tibia | 1,2,6,12 and 48 |
| Guo et al. 2020 [36] | SLM | C(5 * 10) | / | 340–360 | 70–75 | / | Titanium copper/titanium copper nitride multilayer coating | Rabbit | F-epi | 4, 8 and 12 |
| Guo et al. 2018 [22] | SLM | C(5 * 10) | / | 316 | 74 | Cubic | / | Rabbit | F-epi | 4, 8 and 12 |
| Han et al. 2016 [37] | EBM | C(5 * 5) | 400 | 600–800 | 55–67 | Cubic | Anodization treatment and strontium incorporation | Rabbit | F-epi | 4 and 12 |
| Hara et al. 2016 [16] | EBM | C(5 * 12) | / | 501–933 | 65–70 | Diamond | / | Rabbit | Femur | 4 and 12 |
| Huang et al. 2017 [20] | EBM | C(10 * 20) | 238 | 514 | 69 | Diamond | HA coating | Goat | F-epi | 8 and 16 |
| Kelly et al. 2021 [38] | SLM | C(4.5 * 8) | / | 739–1076 | 70 | TPMS-based cell | / | Rat | Femur(s) | 12 |
| Koolen et al. 2020 [39] | SLS | C(5 * 6) | 211 | 244 | 79 | Rhombic dodecahedron | AlAcH treatment | Rat | Femur(s) | 11 |
| Li et al. 2019 [40] | SLM | C(5 * 6) | / | 400 | 45 | Cubic | Polydopamine coating | Rabbit | F-epi | 5 |
| Li et al. 2019 [29] | SLM | C(8 * 10) | / | 100–700 | 50 | TPMS-based cell | / | Pig | Tibia | 5 |
| Li et al. 2016 [3] | EBM | C(10 * 30) | 200 | 315 | 34 | Diamond | / | Goat | Metatarsus(s) | 12, 24 and 48 |
| Li et al. 2015 [41] | EBM | C(5 * 10) | / | 710 | 68 | / | Polydopamine-assisted hydroxyapatite coating | Rabbit | F-epi | 4 and 12 |
| Liu et al. 2016 [42] | EBM | C(5 * 16) | 400 | 640 | 76 | / | Addition of simvastatin and hydrogel | Rabbit | Tibia | 4 and 8 |
| Liu et al. 2020 [43] | SLM | C(10 * 10) | / | 600 | 65 | / | / | Rabbit | F-epi | 4, 6, 8, 10 and 12 |
| Luan et al. 2019 [44] | EBM | C(5 * 4) | / | 334–402 | 55–78 | / | / | Rabbit | Femur | 12 |
| Lv et al. 2015 [45] | EBM | C(5 * 6) | / | 640 | / | Hexagonal | Addition of bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP-2), vascular endothelial growth factor and fibringel | Rabbit | F-epi | 4 |
| Lyu et al. 2020 [46] | / | C(2 * 5) | 320 | 650 | 70 | / | / | Rabbit | F-epi | 12 |
| Ma et al. 2018 [47] | SLM | C(5 * 6) | / | 400 | 76 | / | Addition of mineralized collagen | Rabbit | Radius(s) | 4 and 12 |
| Ma et al. 2021 [48] | SLM | C(15 * 20) | / | 400 | 76 | / | Addition of gelatin methacrylate | Rabbit | Radius(s) | 4 and 12 |
| Mumith et al. 2020 [49] | SLS | C(8 * 14.5) | 300–750 | 700–1500 | 70–75 | / | HA coating, silicon-substituted or strontium-substituted HA coating | Sheep | F-epi | 6 |
| Palmquist et al. 2017 [50] | EBM | C(5.2 * 5) | 350 | 550 | 70 | Diamond | / | Sheep | Femur and tibia | 24 |
| Palmquist et al. 2013 [51] | EBM | C(5.2 * 7) | 500–1000 | 500–700 | 65–70 | / | / | Sheep | F-epi | 26 |
| Ragone et al. 2020 [26] | SLM | C(6.2 * 11) | 200 | 450–1200 | 75–90 | Irregular-shaped | / | Sheep | Femur and tibia | 6, 10 and 14 |
| Ran et al. 2018 [52] | SLM | C(4 * 13) | 300–400 | 401–801 | / | Circle | / | Rabbit | F-epi | 4 and 12 |
| Shah et al. 2016 [53] | EBM | C(5.2 * 7) | 583 | / | 63 | / | / | Sheep | F-epi | 24 |
| Shah et al. 2016 [54] | EBM | C(5.2 * 5) | 341 | 470–545 | 70 | Diamond | / | Sheep | F-epi | 26 |
| Song et al. 2019 [55] | SLM | C(3 * 6) | 200–400 | / | 65–86 | Diamond | HA coating | Rabbit | Femur | 12 and 24 |
| Tanzer et al. 2019 [19] | SLM | C(5.2 * 10) | / | 450 | 50–65 | Irregular-shaped | HA coating | Dog | Femur | / |
| Tsai et al. 2019 [56] | SLM | C(6.5 * 10) | / | 350 | / | Cubic | Magnesium–calcium silicate and chitosan coating | Rabbit | Femur | 6 |
| van der Stok et al. 2015 [57] | SLM | Femur-shape | 165 | 577 | 85 | Rhombic dodecahedron | AlAcH surface treatment and addition of BMP-2 and fibrin gel | Rat | Femur(s) | 12 |
| van der Stok et al. 2015 [58] | SLM | Femur-shape | 120 | 500 | 88 | Rhombic dodecahedron | AlAcH surface treatment and osteostatin coating | Rat | Femur(s) | 12 |
| van der Stok et al. 2013 [17] | SLM | Femur-shape | 120–230 | 490 | 68–88 | Rhombic dodecahedron | AlAcH treatment | Rat | Femur(s) | 4,8 and 12 |
| Wang et al. 2018 [27] | SLM | C(4.8 * 8) | 410–449 | 427–458 | 61–66 |
Diamond Tetrahedron |
/ | Rabbit | Femur | 4 and 8 |
| Wang et al. 2018 [59] | / | C(8 * 10) | / | 200 | / | / | Strontium ion incorporated zeolite coating | Rabbit | F-epi | 4 |
| Xiu et al. 2017 [60] | EBM | C(6 * 5) | 400 | 640 | 73 | Rhombic dodecahedron | Hybrid micro-arc oxidation and hydrothermal treatment | Rabbit | F-epi | 8 |
| Xiu et al. 2017 [61] | EBM | C(6 * 5) | 400 | 640 | 73 | Rhombic dodecahedron | Hybrid micro-arc oxidation | Rabbit | F-epi | 8 |
| Yavari et al. 2014 [62] | SLM | Femur-shape | 160–180 | 577–596 | 85–89 | Rhombic dodecahedron | Acid–alkali treatment, AlAcH treatment and anodizing-heat treatment | Rat | Femur(s) | 4, 8 and 12 |
| Yu et al. 2020 [28] | SLM | Cone-shape | 200 | 650 | 90 | Rhombic dodecahedron | / | Rabbit | Femur | 4 and 8 |
| Zhang et al. 2021 [63] | SLM | C(5 * 10) | 300 | / | 68 | Diamond | Bioactive glass and mesoporous bioactive glass coating | Rabbit | F-epi | 6 and 9 |
| Zhong et al. 2020 [64] | SLM | C(6 * 10) | / | / | / | / | / | Rabbit | F-epi | 6 and 12 |
*C: cylinder; HA: hydroxyapatite; AlAcH: alkali-acid-heat; F-epi: femoral epiphysis; s: segmental bone defect; wk: weeks; m: months
*Data are all average values, and parameters were reserved for integers
*If multiple Ti64 scaffold design parameters have been applied in a single article, the parameters are expressed in ranges