Table 3.
Studies reporting long-term social/behavioral symptoms
| Authors and date | Age group | Setting | Time frame | Symptoms (long), if any | Control group | Number of participants | SARS-CoV-2 infection confirmation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Aguilar-Farias et al., Feb 12th, 2020 [27] | Children aged 1–5 y | Households in Chile | Cross-sectional (March 30th to April 27th, 2020) | More affectionate, more restless, and more frustrated | None | 1727 | Not reported |
| Patrick et al., Oct 1st, 2020 [25] | Children aged less than 18 y | Households in U.S. | Retrospective (June 2020) | Worsening behavioral health | None | 1012 | Not reported |
| Jiao et al., April 3rd, 2020 [22] | Children aged 3–18 y | Pediatric populations in COVID-19-affected areas in China during the outbreak, specifically those in Shaanxi Province | Review of a preliminary study in Shaanxi Province during the second week of February 2020 | Clinginess, distraction, irritability, and fear of asking questions about the epidemic | None | 320 | Not reported |
| Parri et al., December 1st, 2020 [23] | Children aged 0–18 y | 17 Italian pediatric emergency departments | Cohort (March 3rd, 2020 to May 2nd, 2020) | For hospitalized neonates: difficulties with or refusal to feed | None | 170 | PCR from nasopharyngeal swabs |
| Luijten et al., November 4th, 2020 [28] | Children and adolescents aged 8–18 y | Two Dutch representative samples of children and adolescents in the Netherlands |
Cross-sectional Before COVID-19 (December 2017-July 2018) and during the COVID-19 lockdown (April/May 2020) |
Significantly worse PROMIS T-scores on all domains Worse: peer relationships, anger, sleep-related impairment, poor global health, social health complaints, effect on atmosphere at home, and negative impact of the COVID-19 regulations on daily life |
None | 884 | Not reported |
| Al-Rahamneh et al., July 2021 [32] | Children ages 5–11 y | Jordan |
Cross-sectional survey April 10th, 2021–April 17th, 2021 |
Being bored (77.5%), irritable (66%), likely to argue with the rest of the family (60.7%), nervous (54.8%), reluctant (54.2%), and lonely (52.4%) were the most frequently reported symptoms compared to the pre-COVID-19 period | None | 1309 | Not reported |
COVID-19 coronavirus disease 2019, PROMIS Patient-Reported Outcome Measure Information System