Table 3.
Differential Differences (Adjusted) of Rural Residency on Annual Hospital-Based Health Care Utilization Among Women of Reproductive Age, 2006–2015
| Sample size | All (95% CI) | Privately insureda (95% CI) | Publicly insured (95% CI) | Uninsured (95% CI) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Hospital-based outpatient visits | |||||
| Any visits | 48,107 | 0.025* (0.002 to 0.049) | 0.031* (0.001 to 0.060) | 0.022 (−0.021 to 0.066) | 0.010 (−0.012 to 0.032) |
| Number of visits | 48,107 | 0.015 (−0.050 to 0.079) | 0.039 (−0.033 to 0.111) | −0.004 (−0.190 to 0.182) | −0.032 (−0.107 to 0.042) |
| Number of visits (nonzero group only) | 5,679 | −0.314* (−0.566 to −0.062) | −0.189 (0.493 to 0.115) | −0.245 (−0.729 to 0.240) | −1.118** (−1.865 to −0.372) |
| ED visits | |||||
| Any visits | 48,112 | −0.002 (−0.017 to 0.013) | −0.012 (−0.027 to 0.004) | −0.0002 (−0.0418 to 0.0412) | 0.018 (−0.015 to 0.051) |
| Number of visits | 48,112 | −0.016 (−0.044 to 0.013) | −0.031* (−0.061 to −0.003) | −0.026 (−0.107 to 0.055) | 0.028 (−0.032 to 0.088) |
| Number of visits (nonzero group only) | 7,774 | −0.079 (−0.162 to 0.003) | −0.126* (−0.240 to −0.013) | −0.095 (−0.247 to 0.057) | 0.021 (−0.148 to 0.191) |
| Hospitalizations | |||||
| Any stays | 48,114 | 0.0002 (−0.008 to 0.009) | −0.002 (−0.015 to 0.010) | 0.018 (−0.003 to 0.040) | −0.0162 (−0.0326 to 0.0002) |
| Number of inpatient hospitalizations | 48,114 | 0.001 (−0.012 to 0.015) | −0.011 (−0.028 to 0.006) | 0.045* (0.009 to 0.083) | −0.015 (−0.033 to 0.003) |
| Number of nights in the hospital | 48,114 | −0.045 (−0.134 to 0.044) | −0.076 (−0.160 to 0.007) | 0.135 (−0.150 to 0.420) | −0.093* (−0.181 to −0.005) |
| Number of inpatient hospitalizations (nonzero group only) | 4,471 | 0.031 (−0.031 to 0.093) | −0.049 (−0.117 to 0.018) | 0.108* (0.012 to 0.205) | 0.107 (−0.018 to 0.232) |
| Number of nights in the hospital (nonzero group only) | 4,471 | −0.003 (−0.470 to 0.464) | −0.306 (−0.799 to 0.187) | 0.405 (−0.502 to 1.312) | 0.104 (−0.885 to 0.677) |
| Expenditures (USD) | |||||
| Hospital-based outpatient visits | 48,114 | $103.357 (−27.533 to 234.248) | $89.631 (−50.546 to 229.807) | −$41.147 (−144.162 to 61.867) | $38.062 (−37.086 to 113.210) |
| ED visits | 48,114 | −0.900 (−55.610 to 37.610) | −11.430 (−78.404 to 55.545) | −25.941 (−81.100 to 29.217) | 12.751 (−65.483 to 90.986) |
| Hospitalizations | 48,114 | 443.698 (−208.578 to 1,095.974) | 470.546 (−316.566 to 1,257.658) | 1,066.897 (−22.259 to 2,156.053) | 9,592.852 (−17,561.160 to 36,746.870) |
p < 0.05, **p < 0.01. All binary outcomes were estimated with logistic regression, all count outcomes were estimated with a generalized linear model with negative binomial family and log link, and all expenditure outcomes were estimated with a generalized linear model with gamma family and log link.
Privately insured: Persons with private insurance coverage or TRICARE/CHAMPVA at any time during the year of study. Publicly insured: Persons with only public insurance coverage during a year, including Medicaid or SCHIP, Medicare, and other public insurance types. Uninsured: Persons uninsured during the entire year.
CI, confidence interval.