Table 1.

List of cellular reprogramming method discussed, and their respective advantages and challenges.

Methods		Advantages	Challenges
Gene Delivery	Plasmid DNA (pDNA)	• Prolonged expression of the inserted gene	• Difficult to control the expression level of the inserted gene • Inefficient transfection of non-dividing cells
	Messenger RNA (mRNA)	• Higher gene transcription efficiency compared to pDNA delivery	• Repeated delivery of mRNA required due to transient expression
	Non-coding RNA (ncRNA)	• Ability to silence gene expression without modifying the cell genome	• Off-target gene silencing (miRNA) • Rapid degradation by endogenous ribonuclease
CRISPR/Cas9 Mediated Gene Editing		• Simple yet highly specific and effective gene editing	• Off-target gene editing • Long-term safety not yet verified
Subpopulation Isolation		• Enhanced, uniform response to external stimuli following the isolation of homogeneous subpopulation	• Potential phenotypic change of cells during sorting and expansion