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. 2022 Jan 20;15:806260. doi: 10.3389/fnins.2021.806260

FIGURE 1.

FIGURE 1

Sites of antigen presentation of CNS-derived epitopes. CNS-derived antigens from the brain parenchyma drain to deep cervical lymph nodes and prime matching T cells (A). For reactivation, CNS-reactive T cells extravasate from blood vessels in search for their cognate antigen on APCs in sub-arachnoid space (SAS) (B), perivascular space (C) and choroid plexus (CP) (D) (Greter et al., 2005; Bartholomäus et al., 2009; Reboldi et al., 2009; Schläger et al., 2016; Mundt et al., 2019b; Rustenhoven et al., 2021). If re-activation is successful, CNS-reactive T cells infiltrate the brain parenchyma. CNS borders are inhabited by a variety of immune cells, including T and B cells, B plasma cells (PCs), NK cells, border-associated macrophages (BAMs), dendritic cells (DCs), monocytes, and granulocytes (neutrophils and mast cells) (Goldmann et al., 2016; Jordão et al., 2019; Mundt et al., 2019b; Van Hove et al., 2019; Fitzpatrick et al., 2020; Schafflick et al., 2020, 2021; Brioschi et al., 2021; Dani et al., 2021; Rustenhoven et al., 2021). The brain parenchyma contains microglia and small numbers of memory T cells (Smolders et al., 2013, 2018; Herich et al., 2019; Pasciuto et al., 2020).