. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2022 Sep 1.

Published in final edited form as: Drug Alcohol Rev. 2021 Feb 18;40(6):964–973. doi: 10.1111/dar.13261

Table 2.

The top five combinations of positive UDS results among PWID with suspected/known and unknown exposure to fentanyl in Vancouver, Canada, 2016–2017

Combination	n	%
Among PWID with suspected/known exposure to fentanyl (n = 143)
Amphetamine + methadone metabolite + morphine	23	16
Amphetamine + cocaine + methadone metabolite + morphine	17	12
Amphetamine + morphine	14	10
Amphetamine + cocaine + morphine	10	7
Cocaine + methadone metabolite + morphine	9	6
Among PWID with unknown exposure to fentanyl (n = 155)
Amphetamine + cocaine + methadone metabolite + morphine	26	17
Cocaine + methadone metabolite + morphine	21	14
Amphetamine + morphine	15	10
Methadone metabolite + morphine	13	8
Amphetamine + methadone metabolite + morphine	12	8

The associations that had p-value of <0.05 are highlighted in bold.

PWID, people who inject drugs; UDS, urine drug screen.