Table 3.
Bivariable and multivariable logistic regression analyses of factors associated with suspected/known and unknown exposure to fentanyl among 590 PWID in Vancouver, Canada, 2016–2017
| Variable | Model 1 (suspected/known vs. no exposure) | Model 2 (unknown vs. no exposure) | Model 3 (suspected/known vs. unknown exposure) | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| OR (95% CI) | P-value | AOR (95% CI) | P-value | OR (95% CI) | P-value | AOR (95% CI) | P- value | OR (95% CI) | P-value | AOR (95% CI) | P-value | |
| Age (per year increase) | 0.95 (0.93, 0.97) | <0.001 | 0.95 (0.93, 0.97) | <0.001 | 0.97 (0.95, 0.99) | <0.001 | 0.97 (0.95, 0.99) | 0.001 | 0.98 (0.96, 1.00) | 0.021 | 0.98 (0.96, 1.00) | 0.043 |
| Female | 1.41 (0.93, 2.12) | 0.105 | 1.42 (0.95, 2.12) | 0.088 | 0.99 (0.62, 1.57) | 0.968 | ||||||
| White | 1.19 (0.80, 1.78) | 0.399 | 1.11 (0.75, 1.64) | 0.616 | 1.08 (0.68, 1.70) | 0.757 | ||||||
| DTES residencea | 1.69 (1.08, 2.63) | 0.021 | 2.00 (1.18, 3.39) | 0.010 | 1.61 (1.05, 2.47) | 0.030 | 1.56 (0.98, 2.48) | 0.060 | 1.05 (0.62, 1.76) | 0.857 | ||
| Homelessa | 2.17 (1.32, 3.56) | 0.002 | 1.40 (0.83, 2.36) | 0.201 | 1.55 (0.89, 2.68) | 0.119 | ||||||
| Incarcerationa | 5.48 (2.34, 12.85) | <0.001 | 3.21 (1.22, 8.46) | 0.018 | 3.32 (1.34, 8.19) | 0.009 | 2.45 (0.94, 6.36) | 0.065 | 1.65 (0.78, 3.48) | 0.188 | ||
| Inability to access any health or social servicesa | 1.73 (1.10, 2.72) | 0.019 | 1.83 (1.08, 3.11) | 0.026 | 1.33 (0.84, 2.11) | 0.227 | 1.30 (0.78, 2.16) | 0.313 | ||||
| Non-fatal overdosea | 2.61 (1.63, 4.20) | <0.001 | 2.01 (1.14, 3.54) | 0.015 | 1.70 (1.04, 2.77) | 0.035 | 1.52 (0.89, 2.60) | 0.129 | 1.54 (0.92, 2.57) | 0.098 | 1.49 (0.86, 2.56) | 0.154 |
| Injecting alonea | 3.01 (1.71, 5.31) | <0.001 | 3.26 (1.72, 6.16) | <0.001 | 0.79 (0.52, 1.20) | 0.270 | 3.82 (2.08, 7.00) | <0.001 | 3.77 (2.04, 6.99) | <0.001 | ||
| Opioid agonist therapya | 1.91 (1.25, 2.92) | 0.003 | 1.82 (1.10, 3.00) | 0.020 | 1.70 (1.13, 2.55) | 0.011 | 1.82 (1.16, 2.85) | 0.010 | 1.12 (0.69, 1.83) | 0.637 | ||
| Supervised injection/overdose prevention sites usea | 3.06 (2.02, 4.63) | <0.001 | 2.01 (1.25, 3.25) | 0.004 | 2.18 (1.47, 3.25) | <0.001 | 1.94 (1.27, 2.96) | 0.002 | 1.40 (0.88, 2.23) | 0.158 | ||
| Currently possessing naloxone | 1.98 (1.27, 3.07) | 0.003 | 1.72 (1.02, 2.90) | 0.041 | 2.24 (1.44, 3.48) | <0.001 | 1.81 (1.13, 2.92) | 0.015 | 0.88 (0.52, 1.50) | 0.640 | ||
| Self-reported substance use in the past 6 monthsa | ||||||||||||
| ≥Daily cocaine injectiona | 0.81 (0.35, 1.89) | 0.629 | 0.46 (0.17, 1.26) | 0.131 | 1.75 (0.56, 5.49) | 0.335 | ||||||
| ≥Daily crack smokinga | 1.28 (0.59, 2.78) | 0.537 | 1.42 (0.68, 2.99) | 0.351 | 0.90 (0.39, 2.07) | 0.801 | ||||||
| ≥Daily crystal methamphetamine usea | 1.56 (0.95, 2.55) | 0.077 | 1.17 (0.70, 1.94) | 0.546 | 1.33 (0.76, 2.33) | 0.312 | ||||||
| ≥Daily alcohol usea | 0.41 (0.15, 1.09) | 0.074 | 0.34 (0.11, 1.04) | 0.058 | 1.22 (0.62, 2.41) | 0.560 | 0.33 (0.12, 0.94) | 0.038 | 0.39 (0.13, 1.15) | 0.088 | ||
| Non-medical use of benzodiazepinea | 0.97 (0.43, 2.21) | 0.946 | 0.80 (0.34, 1.87) | 0.604 | 1.22 (0.46, 3.25) | 0.694 | ||||||
| Cohort designation | ||||||||||||
| ACCESS (vs. VIDUS) | 0.58 (0.36, 0.92) | 0.021 | 0.96 (0.63, 1.46) | 0.845 | 0.60 (0.36, 1.02) | 0.058 | ||||||
| ARYS (vs. VIDUS) | 1.59 (0.90, 2.80) | 0.110 | 1.19 (0.65, 2.20) | 0.568 | 1.33 (0.70, 2.53) | 0.387 | ||||||
a
Behaviours/events in the past 6 months. Bold = P-value of <0.05.
ACCESS, AIDS Care Cohort to evaluate Exposure to Survival Services; AOR, adjusted odds ratio; ARYS, At-Risk Youth Study; CI, confidence interval; DTES, Downtown Eastside; OR, odds ratio; PO, prescription opioid; PWID, people who inject drugs; VIDUS, Vancouver Injection Drug Users Study.