Fig 4. Construction of instrumental variable.

Note: This figure illustrates the construction of instrumental variable. The X-axis is the individual age at the implementation of the CSL and the Y-axis is the individual exposure to CSL, which equals to one if the individual is fully affected by CSL (i.e. aged 6 or below) and equals to zero if the individual is unaffected by CSL (i.e. age 16 or above). A linear function is assumed for the ages in between.