Table 4. The effects of education on pro-environmental attitudes and behaviors, 2SLS results.

	Pro-environmental attitudes	Pro-environmental behaviors
	(1)	(2)
Education	0.012**	0.011**
	(0.005)	(0.004)
Controls	Yes	Yes
Observations	3,456	3,661
First-stage estimation
CSL	2.937***	3.141***
	(0.258)	(0.262)
F-statistics	129.41	143.44

Note: The table reports the estimates from 2SLS regressions of education on pro-environmental attitudes and behaviors. Columns (1) and (2) report the results for pro-environmental attitudes and for pro-environmental behaviors, respectively. All regressions have the same controls as in column (2) of Table 3, but their coefficients are suppressed for brevity. Robust standard errors are clustered at the cohort-city level and are reported in parentheses.

***, ** and * indicate 1%, 5% and 10% significance levels, respectively.