Table 2. Association between facility and sink characteristics and screening positive for carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae growth on CHROMagar KPC in 39 sinks from 37 healthcare facilities in Sindh Pakistan.
| All facilities | Sinks with ertapenem-resistant growth | p-value | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| N = 39 | % of total | N positive | % positive | ||
| Facility Characteristics | |||||
| Care Level | 0.754 | ||||
| Primary | 34 | 87% | 22 | 65% | |
| Secondary | 4 | 10% | 2 | 50% | |
| Tertiary | 1 | 3% | 1 | 100% | |
| Facility water source | 0.015 | ||||
| Piped from off-site source | 25 | 64% | 20 | 80% | |
| Borehole | 10 | 26% | 3 | 30% | |
| Tanker truck | 4 | 10% | 2 | 50% | |
| Facility has hand hygiene stations besides main sink | 3 | 8% | 0 | 0% | 0.020 |
| No separate hand hygiene stations | 36 | 92% | 25 | 69% | |
| Sink Characteristics | |||||
| Sink location* | 0.186 | ||||
| General ward | 7 | 19% | 6 | 86% | |
| Dispensary | 7 | 19% | 6 | 86% | |
| Outpatient clinic | 22 | 59% | 11 | 50% | |
| Other | 1 | 3% | 1 | 100% | |
| Water available at sink* | 25 | 68% | 18 | 72% | 0.048 |
| Water unavailable | 12 | 32% | 5 | 42% | |
| Soap/alcohol cleanser available at sink | 20 | 51% | 11 | 55% | 0.256 |
| Soap/alcohol cleanser unavailable | 19 | 49% | 14 | 74% | |
| Water available and soap/alcohol available at sink* | 9 | 25% | 6 | 67% | 0.847 |
| Water and soap/alcohol unavailable | 27 | 75% | 17 | 63% | |
| Drying implements available at sink | 2 | 5% | 0 | 0% | 0.053 |
| Drying implements unavailable at sink | 37 | 95% | 25 | 68% | |
| Sink is reported to be cleaned by staff | 35 | 90% | 23 | 66% | 0.443 |
| Not cleaned | 4 | 10% | 2 | 50% | |
| Sink appears clean | 11 | 28% | 4 | 36% | 0.020 |
| Sink does not appear clean | 28 | 72% | 21 | 75% | |
| Sink drains completely | 25 | 64% | 15 | 60% | 0.620 |
| Sink does not drain | 14 | 36% | 10 | 71% | |
| Tap handles stop flow of water completely | 26 | 67% | 17 | 65% | 0.867 |
| Water drips | 13 | 33% | 8 | 62% | |
| Cleaning products disposed of in sink | 24 | 62% | 16 | 67% | 0.618 |
| Cleaning products not disposed of in sink | 15 | 38% | 9 | 60% | |
| Human waste disposed of in sink | 2 | 5% | 2 | 100% | 0.325 |
| Human waste not disposed of in sink | 37 | 95% | 23 | 62% | |
| Counter around sink | 6 | 15% | 6 | 100% | 0.043 |
| No counter around sink | 33 | 85% | 19 | 58% | |
| Sink water used to clean room and sinks | 14 | 36% | 11 | 79% | 0.134 |
| Sink water not used to clean | 25 | 64% | 14 | 56% | |
| Medical supplies washed in sink | 3 | 8% | 2 | 67% | 0.770 |
| Medical supplies not washed in sink | 36 | 92% | 23 | 64% | |
| Sink water used as patient drinking water | 1 | 3% | 1 | 100% | 0.680 |
| Sink water not used as drinking water | 38 | 97% | 24 | 63% | |
Bold = statistically significant p<0.05. Exact test mid-p value was used for all analyses.
*This variable contains missingness.