Table 1.
A summary of the various types of SPIONs together with the methods of their synthesis and the major results of their use for the three biomedical applications discussed in this review 179185MnFe2O4@ CoFe2O4
| Type | Synthesis method | Major result | Reference | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Magnetothermal therapy | ||||
| MF66 MNP | Coprecipitation of Fe2+ and Fe3+ followed by dimercaptosuccinic acid stabilization | Magnetic hyperthermia of breast cancer led to a 40% tumor reduction | [79] | |
| Magforce nanoparticles | Magforce AG (Berlin, Germany) company | Thermal therapy of cancer tumor | [83] | |
| Copolymer-coated Fe3O4 nanoparticles | Coprecipitation of Fe2+ and Fe3+ followed by polystyrene-copolyacrylic acid, polylactide acid, and polyethylene glycol coating | Magnetic inductive heating of organs of mouse models | [84] | |
| mPEG-coated Fe3O4 nanoparticles | Solution-phase thermal decomposition of Fe(acac)3 in oleic acid and benzyl ether | High-performance magnetic hyperthermia | [85] | |
| Anionic iron oxide nanomagnets | Alkaline coprecipitation of iron (III) and iron salts followed by citrate stabilization | Colloidal mediators for magnetic hyperthermia | [86] | |
| Oxide nano-octopods | Nonhydrolytic thermal decomposition of Fe(acac)3 in the presence of oleic acid and oleylamine | Magnetic hyperthermia treatment | [87] | |
| Cys–Arg–Glu–Lys–Ala modified magnetic ferrite nanoparticles | High-temperature thermal decomposition of Fe(acac)3 in the presence of oleic acid | Combined hyperthermia and MRI/magnetic particle imaging of malignant tumor | [91] | |
| Magnetic multicore nanoparticles | Coprecipitation of Fe2+ and Fe3+ followed by carboxymethyl dextran coating | Tumor heating within 60 s | [175] | |
| Water-dispersible sugar-coated iron oxide nanoparticle | Thermal decomposition of Fe(acac)3 followed by sugar coating | Relaxometry and magnetic hyperthermia | [176] | |
| AEH–Fe2O3 nanomagnetic beads | Magnetic iron oxide particles encapsulated within a coating formed from a polyester of valeric and butyric acids | Treated tumors decreased in volume by 50–94% | [177] | |
| PVP coated magnetoplasmonic nanoparticles | Coprecipitation of Fe2+ and Fe3+ followed by gold seeding | Photothermia with magnetic hyperthermia of cancer | [178] | |
| CoFe2O4@MnFe2O4 | Thermal decomposition of MnFe2O4 onto the surface of CoFe2O4 | Antitumor therapeutic heating | [44] | |
| Zn0.4Fe2.6O4 MNP | Magnetic nanoparticles are coated with SiO2 and then amine-functionalized with geldanamycin | Resistance-free apoptotic hyperthermia | [179] | |
| Fe3O4 nanoparticles | Oxidation of pentacarbonyl iron followed by purification process | Selective inductive heating of lymph nodes | [180] | |
| Biomimetic magnetic nanoparticles | The precipitation of inorganic magnetite, followed by an oxidation of a strong base (NaOH) | Targeted magnetic hyperthermia | [181] | |
| Magnetosome chains | Extracted from magnetotactic bacteria | Efficient penetration and maximum cell destruction | [182] | |
| DOX/PLGA-Fe MNP | Dispersion of Fe powder into DOX/PLGA solution by stirring | Chemomagnetic-hyperthermia-induced synergistic tumor eradication | [183] | |
| Oleic acid functionalized Fe3O4 | Coprecipitation of FeSO4 and FeCl3 followed by NH4OH | Tumor growth inhibition by apoptosis and Hsp90/AKT modulation | [184] | |
| mAb-guided bioprobes | Polyethylene glycol–iron oxide-impregnated dextran nanoparticles functionalized with dodecanetetraacetic acid | Thermoablative therapy for human breast cancer in mice results in tumor reduction | [95] | |
| PEGylated Mn–Zn ferrite nanocrystals | Thermal decomposition of Fe(acac)3 in presence of Zn(acac)2 and manganese (II) acetylacetonate followed by oleylamine coating | Induce the apoptosis of tumor cells, inhibit the angiogenesis of tumor vessels, and suppress the tumor growth | [185] | |
| Iron oxide nanocubes | Thermal decomposition of Fe(acac)3 | Magnetic hyperthermia and photothermal bimodal treatment leading to a complete apoptosis-mediated cell death | [186] | |
| Poly (D, L-lactic-coglycolic acid) encapsulated SPIONs | Chemical coprecipitation of Fe3+ and Fe2+ in ammoniacal medium followed by solvent evaporation for encapsulation | Cancer destruction within a short period of time (120 min) by initiating early and late apoptosis | [187] | |
| Magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles | Thermal decomposition of Fe(acac)3 in a mixture of oleic acid, oleylamine, and long acyl chain diols in benzyl ether | Effectively heat tumor tissues at a minimal dose | [188] | |
| Nanowarming | ||||
| Ferrotec EMG308 solution | Fe3O4 nanoparticles coated with an anionic surfactant in aqueous suspension | Thawing of a cryopreserved artery tissue sample | [21] | |
| Silica-coated EMG308, Ferrotec/silica-coated iron-oxide nanoparticles | EMG308, Ferrotec nanoparticles coated with mesoporous silica | Thawing cryopreserved porcine arterial and heart valve tissues with improved viability | [46] | |
| PEG-coated SPIONs | chemical coprecipitation of Fe3+ and Fe2+ followed by PEG coating | Successful perfusion of vitrified whole rat hearts | [103] | |
| Fe3O4 nanoparticles | Chemical coprecipitation of Fe3+ and Fe2+ followed by aqueous ammonia mixture | Significantly facilitates rewarming and improves the cryopreservation outcome of human umbilical cord matrix mesenchymal stem cells | [125] | |
| Amine group functionalized Fe3O4 | Fe3O4 nanoparticles purchased from Ocean Nanotech LLC, San Diego, CA | Rewarming of bulk sample | [129] | |
| Fe3O4 NPs | Chemical coprecipitation of Fe3+ and Fe2+ | Low-cryoprotectant vitrification of stem cell-alginate hydrogel construct | [127] | |
| Fe3O4 NPs | Chemical coprecipitation of Fe2+ and Fe3+ ions | Massive-volume vitrification of stem cells with low-concentration cryoprotectants | [135] | |
| GO–Fe3O4 nanocomposites | GO is added to the mixture of acetate stabilized Fe3O4 | Inhibit ice recrystallization by infrared irradiation that generates heat via GO and magnetic field for generating heat via Fe3O4 | [142] | |
| DP6 + silica-coated iron-oxide nanoparticles | Fe3O4 nanoparticles coated with a silica layer and functionalized with polyvinyl pyrrolidone | Warming of cryopreserved sample | [189] | |
| Mesoporous silica-coated Fe3O4 nanoparticles | PVP coated nanoparticles are coated with silica shell followed by stabilization of PEG–TMS | Nanowarming of a cryopreserved rat kidney infrarenal aorta with preserved morphology and good viability at the cellular level | [190] | |
| CP-DMSA-MNPs | Chemical coprecipitation of Fe2+ and Fe3+ ions followed by dimercaptosuccinic acid coating | Multihot-spot induction and sequential regulation | [191] | |
| TD-PMAO-MNPs | Thermal decomposition of Fe(acac)3 followed by polymaleic anhydride-alt-1-octadecene coating | Multihot-spot induction and sequential regulation | ||
| OP-PAA-MNPs | Oxidative precipitation of FeSO4 by NaOH followed by a coating of polyacrylic acid | Multihot-spot induction and sequential regulation | ||
| Magnetoliposomes | Surrounding the iron oxide nanoparticles (Fe3O4) with phospholipid bilayer | Magnetic fluid hyperthermia efficacy on pancreatic tumor cell reached 95% tumor cell death | [192] | |
| HIFU-activated heating | ||||
| MNPs | Not available (purchased from U.S. Research Nanomaterials, Inc., Houston, TX) | NPs play the major role in the temperature rise during HIFU sonication | [161] | |
| Magnetic nanoparticles | Purchased as EMG705 series, Ferrotec (Tokyo, Japan) | Reduced damage to healthy tissue, and reduced the procedure time, during tumor ablation using HIFU | [164] | |
| Magnetite (Fe3O4) nanoparticle agglomerates | Chemical coprecipitation of Fe2+ and Fe3+ ions with ammonia solution | Magnetite nanoparticle agglomerates enhance the efficacy of HIFU in destruction of tumor spheroids | [169] | |
| Magnetic nanoparticles (Fe3O4)) | Purchased as EMG705 series, Ferrotec | Significantly reduce the time for HIFU thermal ablation | [170] | |
| SPION | Chemical coprecipitation using ferric and ferrous salts in alkali medium followed by sodium oleate coating | The presence of SPION increases the absorption of ultrasound energy leading to increased temperature | [171] | |
| Multifunctional PFH/DOX@PLGA/Fe3O4-Folic acid nanocomposites | Double-emulsion | Demonstrated to efficiently suppress the tumor growth based on the enhanced and synergistic chemotherapy and HIFU ablation | [172] | |
| Superparamagnetic PLGA–iron oxide microcapsule | Double-emulsion (water/oil/water) evaporation process | Dual-modality ultrasound /MR imaging and high-intensity focused U.S. breast cancer ablation | [173] | |
| Ultrasmall superparamagnetic iron oxide/PLGA microspheres | A double-emulsion evaporation method was used to synthesize ultraminiature superparamagnetic PLGA–iron oxide microcapsules | Significantly enhance dual-modality ultrasound/MR imaging and HIFU synergistic therapy with an intravenous administration method | [174] | |
AEH: arterial embolization hyperthermia, mPEG: methoxy polyethylene glycol, acac: acetylacetonate, PVP: polyvinyl pyrrolidone, GO: graphene oxide, TMS: trimethyl (TM) and succinimide ester, DMSA: dimercaptosuccinic acid, PMAO: polymaleic anhydride-alt-1-octadecene, PAA: polyacrylic acid, CP: chemical coprecipitation, TD: thermal decomposition, and OP: oxidative precipitation.