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. 2021 Jul 23;2:695218. doi: 10.3389/fragi.2021.695218

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Copyright © 2021 Landay, Bartley, Banerjee, Hargis, Haynes, Keshavarzian, Kuo, Kwon, Li, Li, Oh, Ozbolat, Ucar, Xu, Yao, Unutmaz and Kuchel.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Biological Aging and Immune Function in Late Life. Biological hallmarks or pillars of aging represent multidimensional modifiers and drivers of physiological aging involving varied systems and organs including the immune system. The intensity of these biological drivers of aging increases with chronological aging (blue) resulting in age-related declines in immune responses seen in healthy older adults. However, the scope and magnitude of these varied biological drivers increases in the presence of individual chronic diseases and even more so in frail individuals with multiple chronic conditions (orange), thus providing opportunities for geroscience-guided therapies designed to delay the onset and progression of physiological declines and chronic diseases of aging by target biological pathways.