Table 1.
Baseline characteristics
| Characteristic | Hyperkyphosis (n = 188) | No hyperkyphosis (n = 1032) | p |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years, SD) | 74.7 ± 6.3 | 72.5 ± 5.5 | < .001 |
| Female (n, %) | 128 (68%) | 462 (45%) | < .001 |
| Education level (n, %) | 0.27 | ||
| Low | 111 (59%) | 544 (53%) | |
| Intermediate | 35 (19%) | 209 (20%) | |
| High | 42 (22%) | 277 (27%) | |
| Current or former smoker (n, %) | 105 (56%) | 707 (69%) | 0.001 |
| Alcohol use | |||
| ≥ 1 unit per day (n, %) | 49 (26%) | 388 (38%) | 0.002 |
| Cardiovascular comorbidity (n, %) | 48 (27%) | 295 (31%) | 0.42 |
| Number of medications (median, IQR) | 2.5 (1.0–4.0) | 3.0 (1.0–5.0) | 0.89 |
| BMI [kg/m2] (mean, SD) | 27.0 ± 3.8 | 27.0 ± 3.9 | 0.83 |
| MMSE-score (median, IQR) | 28 (27–29) | 28 (27–29) | 0.98 |
| GDS-15-score (median, IQR) | 1 (0–2) | 1 (0–2) | 0.96 |
| 25-OH-vitamin D [ng/mL] (mean, SD) | 20.7 ± 8.8 | 22.3 ± 9.6 | 0.030 |
| Vertebral fractures | |||
| ≥ 2 fractures present (n, %) | 20 (11%) | 66 (6%) | 0.034 |
| Fracture after the age of 50 (n, %) | 59 (31%) | 228 (22%) | 0.006 |
| Use of walking aid (n, %) | 23 (12%) | 66 (6%) | 0.005 |
| Physical activity [min/day] (mean, SD) | 165 (102) | 160 (106) | 0.52 |
| Hand-grip strength (mean, SD) | 29.0 ± 9.2 | 33.8 ± 10.2 | < .001 |
| Balance test abnormal (n, %) | 75 (40%) | 258 (25%) | < .001 |
| Cobb angle | 56.6° ± 6.4° | 33.5° ± 8.9° | < .001 |
| Participants with ≥ 1 incident falls (n, %) | 97 (52%) | 492 (48%) | 0.322 |