TABLE 2.
Use of GSK-3 inhibitors in clinical and pre-clinical experiments.
| Disease | Clinical trials | GSK3 inhibitors used in in vivo models |
| Bipolar and mood disorders | Lithium (5) | Alsterpaullone, indirubins, AF3581, AR-A014418, L803mts, SB-627772, SB-216763, indolylmaleimides, TDZD-8, tideglusib, VP2.51 |
| Schizophrenia | SB-216763, TDZD-8, BRD3731 | |
| Autism spectrum disorder | Lithium (9) | tideglusib |
| Fragile X syndrome | Lithium (3), Tideglusib (1) | AR-A014418, BRD0705, Chir99021, L803mts, TDZD-8, VP0.7, SB-216763, SB-415286 |
| Rett syndrome | Lithium (1) | BIO, SB-216763 |
| Phelan-Mc Dermid syndrome | – | Tideglusib |
| CDKL5 deficiency disorder | Lithium (2) | SB-216763, tideglusib |
| Intellectual disability | – | – |
| Conduct disorder | Lithium (1) | – |
| Spinocerebellar ataxia | Lithium (5) | – |
| Down syndrome | Lithium (1) | Tideglusib |
| Alzheimer’s | Lithium (1) | AR-A014418,, AZD2858, AZD1080,, isonicotinamides, isoorientin, L803mts, L807mts, MMBO, SAR502250, SB-216763, Indirubin-3’-monoxime, PF-04802367, TCS2002, tideglusib, C7a, C7b |
| Mild cognitive impairment | Lithium (6), Tideglusib (2) | |
| Parkinson | AZD1080 (2) | Alsterpaullone, AR-A014418, indirubin-3′-monoxime, SB-216763, SC001, TDZD-8, TWS119 |
| Progressive supranuclear palsy | Lithium (7) | |
| Huntington’s disease | Lithium (1) | L807mts |
| Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis | Tideglusib (3) | AR-A014418, JGK-263, VP2.51 |
| Multiple sclerosis | Lithium (4) | AR-A014418, indirubin, L803mts, TDZD-8, VP2.51, VP2.7, VP3.15, VP1.15 |
| Cerebral hemorrhage | Lithium (5) | AR-A014418, BIO, TWS119 |
| Brain ischemia | – | AR-A014418, BIO, CT025, SB-216763, TDZD-8, TIBPO, tideglusib, TWS119 |
| Traumatic brain injury | – | CT99021, L803mts, SB-216763 |
| Spinal cord injury | – | Ro3303544, SB-415286, TDZD-8 |
| Neuropathic pain | Lithium (1) | AR-A014418, SB-216763, TZDZ-8 |
| Epilepsy | Lithium (9) | Bio-acetoxime, indirubin, TCS2002, TDZD-8 |
Clinical trials with lithium or GSK-3 inhibitors are indicate together with the number of studies conducted (in prentices). The GSK-3 inhibitors used in animal disease models are listed.