Table 6.
Overview of recent survey-based ASD health cost studies
| Author | Country | Sample size | Age in years (mean, range) | Diagnoses | Health service costs | Influencing factors |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| This study | Germany | 385 | 22.0 (4–67) | Clinically-diagnosed ASD (ICD-10: F84.0/.1/.5/.8/.9) | 3287 EUR/12 months |
Higher costs: Female sex, intellectual disability, Asperger syndrome No association: ASD severity, age |
| Roddy 2019 (Roddy & O'Neill, 2019) | Ireland | 222 | 9.1 (2–18) | Parent-reported clinically-diagnosed ASD (DSM-5 criteria) | 1355 EUR/12 monthsa |
Higher costs: Comorbidity count, living in rural area No association: ASD severity, intellectual disability, sex, SES, maternal education |
| Barrett 2015 (Barrett et al., 2015) | UK | 96 | 15.7 | Clinically-diagnosed ASD (ICD-10: F84.0/1./.5/.8) | £500/6 monthsb |
Higher costs: Lower age, lower adaptive functioning No association: Sex, ethnicity, ASD symptom scores, level of mental health difficulties |
| Lavelle 2014 (Lavelle et al., 2014) | US | 109 | 3–17 | Parent-reported ASD | 3020 US$/12 monthsc | Not reported |
| Barrett 2012 (Barrett et al., 2012) | UK | 152 | 2–5 | Clinically-diagnosed ASD | £1383/6 monthsd |
Higher (total) costs: Higher age, more ADI-R domains above cut-off No association: Sex, ethnicity, parental education, number of months since diagnosis, ADOS score |
aState expenditure
bIncludes hospital services, medication, and community health and social services
cThe amount reported is the additional cost in comparison to patients without ASD
dThis amount also includes community social and voluntary service