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. 2022 Feb 3;12:1835. doi: 10.1038/s41598-022-05901-9

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© The Author(s) 2022

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Representative MEG signals. This sample analysis shows the phase-amplitude coupling (PAC) and power calculated from data for patient #21. In the center, the scalp and the extracted cortex are superimposed, with magnetoencephalography (MEG) sensors overlaid. Three cortical vertices (crosses) were selected from FreeSurfer parcellation. The MEG sensors close to them (circles) were also selected. Signals from the selected MEG sensors and estimated cortical currents for the selected vertices are shown. Power spectra and synchronization index (SI) values calculated from each cortical current are plotted. In the SI plots, each phase has a 4-Hz frequency range (that is, “6 Hz” in frequency for phase corresponds to “4–8 Hz”), and each frequency range has a 50-Hz amplitude range (that is, “55 Hz” in frequency for amplitude corresponds to “30–80 Hz”). At the lower left, Z scores for power and SI values calculated on vertices of the right hemisphere are grouped according to Human Connectome Project parcellation, averaged in each cortical area and color-coded on the cortex. This figure was created using Brainstorm (http://neuroimage.usc.edu/brainstorm) and MATLAB R2015b (MathWorks, Natick, Massachusetts, USA).