Table 1.
Summary of Findings and Characteristics of Studies Included in Review
| PRO | PRO/ANTI | ||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
| |||||||||||||||||
| CRP | IL-1β | IL-6 | IL-4 | IL-8 | IFN-γ | TNF-α | IL-5 | IL-13 | Composite | N | Sample | Design | Type | Age at IV | Age at DV | Rating | |
| POSITIVE PARENTING | |||||||||||||||||
| Responsiveness/Warmth | |||||||||||||||||
| Byrne et al., 2017 | ↓ | 61 | -† | PRO | SAL | 12 | 15.5 | 5 | |||||||||
| Nelson et al., 2017 | ↓ | 33 | -† | PRO | SAL | 12.3 | 15.5 | 3 | |||||||||
| Tobin et al., 2015 | - | ↓ | ↓ | 43 | AS | CS | SER | 12.6 | 12.6 | 4 | |||||||
| Lyons et al., 2019 | ↓ | 52 | SES | RETRO | DBS | 30.8 | 30.8 | 4 | |||||||||
| Chen et al., 2011 | - | ↓ | 53 | SES | RETRO | SER | 33 | 33 | 3 | ||||||||
| Beach et al., 2017b | ↓ | 413 | AA | PRO | SER | 10.5 | 28 | 4 | |||||||||
| Carroll et al., 2013 | - | 756 | - | RETRO | SER | 40 | 40 | 5 | |||||||||
| Fanning et al., 2015 | - | - | 134 | MH | RETRO | SER | 34.3 | 34.3 | 5 | ||||||||
| Manczak et al., 2018 | - | 123 | - | - | SER | 14.6 | 15.6 | 2 | |||||||||
| Human et al., 2016 | - | ↑ | - | - | ↑ | 95 | - | CS | SER | 15.9 | 15.9 | 1 | |||||
| Parental Support | |||||||||||||||||
| Lyons et al., 2019 | ↓ | 52 | SES | RETRO | DBS | 30.8 | 30.8 | 4 | |||||||||
| Chen et al., 2007 | ↓ | 78 | AS | CS | SER | 12.8 | 12.8 | 3 | |||||||||
| Jones et al., 2017 | ↓ | 59 | AA | PRO | SER | 12/20 | 31.9 | 4 | |||||||||
| Jones et al., 2017 | - | 59 | AA | PRO | SER | 12/20 | 31.9 | 4 | |||||||||
| Miller et al., 2009 | - | - | - | 133 | AS | CS | SER | 13.3 | 13.3 | 5 | |||||||
| Guan et al., 2016 | - | 316 | - | CS | DBS | 16.4 | 16.4 | 5 | |||||||||
| Beach et al., 2017a | - | 382 | AA‡ | PRO | SER | 12.4 | 20.5 | 4 | |||||||||
| Brody et al., 2014a | - | 331 | AA‡ | PRO | SER | 18.0 | 20.2 | 5 | |||||||||
| Parental Involvement/ Positive Discipline | |||||||||||||||||
| Miller et al., 2014 | ↓ | 272 | AA‡ | INT | SER | 11 | 19 | 6 | |||||||||
| Byrne et al., 2016 | - | 102 | - | CS | SAL | 9.5 | 9.5 | 5 | |||||||||
|
| |||||||||||||||||
| NEGATIVE PARENTING | |||||||||||||||||
| Conflict Behaviors | |||||||||||||||||
| Byrne et al., 2017 | ↑ | 61 | -† | PRO | SAL | 12 | 15.5 | 5 | |||||||||
| Nelson et al., 2017 | - | 33 | -† | PRO | SAL | 12.3 | 15.5 | 3 | |||||||||
| Tobin et al., 2015 | - | - | - | 43 | AS | CS | SER | 12.6 | 12.6 | 4 | |||||||
| Poor Behavioral Monitoring/High Psychological Control | |||||||||||||||||
| Byrne et al., 2016 | ↑ | 102 | - | CS | SAL | 9.5 | 9.5 | 5 | |||||||||
| Fanning et al., 2015 | ↑ | ↑ | 134 | MH | RETRO | SER | 34.3 | 34.3 | 5 | ||||||||
| Negative/Inconsistent Discipline | |||||||||||||||||
| Brody et al., 2014b | ↑ | 368 | AA‡ | PRO | SER | 11.2 | 19.2 | 4 | |||||||||
| Byrne et al., 2016 | - | 102 | - | CS | SAL | 9.5 | 9.5 | 5 | |||||||||
| Human et al., 2016 | - | - | - | - | - | 95 | - | CS | SER | 15.9 | 15.9 | 1 | |||||
| Human et al., 2016 | - | - | - | - | - | 95 | - | CS | SER | 15.9 | 15.9 | 1 | |||||
Note. Studies measuring multiple parenting constructs are listed more than once. ↓= significant negative effect; ↑ = significant positive effect; - = no significant effect; CRP= C-reactive protein; IL= Interleukin; N= Sample size; IV= Independent variable (parenting); DV= Dependent variable (inflammation); MH= Mental health disorder; AS= Asthma; SES= Low socioeconomic status; AA= African American; MAL= History of child protective services; RETRO= Retrospective; PRO= Prospective; CS= Cross-sectional; INT= Intervention; SAL= salivary sample; SER= serum sample; DBS= dried blood spots
†
= Non-independent sample
‡
= Non-independent sample