Table 2.
Baseline characteristics of heart failure patients.
| HFrEF (N = 51) | HFmrEF (N = 30) | HFpEF (N = 70) | P value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Demographics and vital signs | ||||
| Age (years) | 68.4 ± 11.2 | 66.3 ± 11.9 | 70.3 ± 11.1 | 0.255 |
| Male | 41 (80.4%) | 19 (63.3%) | 30 (42.9%) | <0.001 |
| Hospital stay (days) | 9.6 ± 5.7 | 7.7 ± 3.8 | 9.2 ± 5.8 | 0.316 |
| Systolic BP (mmHg) | 123.8 ± 26.6 | 139.7 ± 28.7 | 137.9 ± 27.1 | 0.008 |
| Diastolic BP (mmHg) | 80.5 ± 16.8 | 87.3 ± 19.4 | 77.2 ± 15.0 | 0.022 |
| Heart rate (bpm) | 85.4 ± 20.8 | 81.6 ± 14.1 | 78.2 ± 20.2 | 0.135 |
| NYHA I | 2 (3.9%) | 6 (20.0%) | 5 (7.1%) | 0.305 |
| NYHA II | 13 (25.5%) | 8 (26.7%) | 18 (25.7%) | |
| NYHA III | 25 (49.0%) | 13 (43.3%) | 32 (45.7%) | |
| NYHA IV | 11 (21.6%) | 3 (10.0%) | 5 (21.4%) | |
| Medical history | ||||
| Ischemic etiology | 34 (66.7%) | 22 (73.3%) | 34 (48.6%) | 0.031 |
| Atrial fibrillation | 14 (27.5%) | 9 (30.0%) | 33 (47.1%) | 0.119 |
| Prior MI | 29 (56.9%) | 9 (30.0%) | 14 (20.0%) | <0.001 |
| Hypertension | 31 (60.8%) | 22 (73.3%) | 55 (78.6%) | 0.193 |
| Diabetes mellitus | 25 (49.0%) | 16 (53.3%) | 21 (30.4%) | 0.041 |
| Stroke | 15 (29.4%) | 5 (16.7%) | 24 (34.3%) | 0.206 |
| COPD | 2 (3.9%) | 3 (10.0%) | 3 (4.3%) | 0.437 |
| Coronary revascularization history | 18 (35.2%) | 5 (16.7%) | 22 (31.4%) | 0.192 |
| Smoking history | 26 (51.0%) | 13 (43.3%) | 28 (40.0%) | 0.483 |
| Echocardiographic parameters | ||||
| LVEF, % | 30.0 (24.0, 37.7) | 41.0 (41.00, 47.00) | 60.0 (55.2, 63.7) | <0.001 |
| LAD (mm) | 48.7 ± 9.0 | 43.4 ± 6.8 | 45.2 ± 7.0 | 0.008 |
| LVEDD (mm) | 59.3 ± 11.1 | 54.2 ± 7.8 | 48.3 ± 8.4 | <0.001 |
| IVS (mm) | 8.7 ± 2.1 | 10.0 ± 1.9 | 10.4 ± 2.3 | 0.001 |
| Discharge medications | ||||
| ARB or ACEI or ARNI | 43 (84.3%) | 18 (60.0%) | 36 (51.4%) | 0.001 |
| Digoxin | 13 (25.5%) | 1 (3.3%) | 4 (5.7%) | 0.001 |
| Beta blocker | 36 (70.6%) | 19 (63.3%) | 41 (58.6%) | 0.398 |
| Calcium channel blocker | 8 (15.7%) | 8 (26.7%) | 32 (45.7%) | 0.002 |
| Spironolactone | 41 (80.4%) | 17 (56.7%) | 29 (41.4%) | <0.001 |
| Diuretic | 41 (80.4%) | 16 (53.3%) | 32 (46.4%) | 0.001 |
| Biomarkers | ||||
| Creatinine (umol/L) | 99.7 (79.7, 123.9) | 79.1 (62.8, 121.5) | 88.5 (65.5, 147.8) | 0.206 |
| Hemoglobin (g/L) | 130.0 (117.0, 146.5) | 130.5 (113.0, 147.0) | 128.0 (103.0, 141.0) | 0.448 |
| Troponin I (ng/ml) | 0.05 (0.01, 0.11) | 0.05 (0.01, 0.65) | 0.01 (0.00, 0.06) | 0.087 |
| CK-MB (U/L) | 14.0 (11.5, 23.5) | 17.3 (11.0, 28.1) | 13.9 (9.0, 23.6) | 0.304 |
| D-dimer (mg/L) | 879.5 (539.38, 1,554.1) | 591.2 (392.4, 1,039.6) | 619.1 (397.6, 2,473.6) | 0.167 |
| Total cholesterol (mmol/L) | 3.7 (2.9, 4.6) | 4.4 (3.5, 5.6) | 4.5 (3.7, 5.6) | 0.008 |
| Triglyceride (mmol/L) | 0.9 (0.6, 1.5) | 1.2 (0.8, 1.6) | 1.3 (0.9, 1.8) | 0.235 |
| NT-proBNP (ng/L) | 5,981.5 (2,349.7, 11,501.0) | 3,550.0 (2,495.0, 7,813.0) | 2,488.0 (1,633.7, 5,216.0) | 0.014 |
| IGF-1 (ng/ml) | 49.4 (36.0, 73.5) | 50.3 (33.6, 88.7) | 51.3 (39.2, 62.4) | 0.979 |
| IGFBP-1 (ng/ml) | 103.3 (6.1, 615.8) | 133.3 (13.2, 497.9) | 50.9 (4.7, 487.3) | 0.456 |
| IGFBP-1/IGF-1 | 2.3 (0.1, 9.7) | 1.5 (0.3, 12.3) | 1.2 (0.1, 8.7) | 0.617 |
| Outcomes | ||||
| Primary endpoint, n (%) | 30 (58.5%) | 13 (43.3%) | 36 (51.4%) | 0.395 |
| Heart failure hospitalization, n (%) | 21 (41.2%) | 11 (36.7%) | 29 (41.4%) | 0.890 |
| All cause death, n (%) | 9 (17.6%) | 2 (6.7%) | 7 (10.0%) | 0.269 |
HFrEF, heart failure with reduced ejection fraction; HFmrEF: heart failure with mid-range ejection fraction; HFpEF: heart failure with preserved ejection fraction; NYHA, New York Heart Association. Other abbreviations are as Table 1.