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. 2022 Jan 21;12:658895. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.658895

Figure 5.

Figure 5

dsRNA40-chol nanoparticles induce proinflammatory cytokines in purified human monocytes and promotes TH1 and TFH cell responses. (A) Purified human monocytes were stimulated with ssRNA40-chol, dsRNA40-chol and dsRNA40-chol-2’OM at 2.5 µM and 0.5 µM. Medium and LPS (1 µg/ml) in combination with R848 (2.5 µg/ml) served as controls. Supernatants were harvested after 20 h of incubation and cytokine induction was analyzed by ELISA. Data were calculated from six individual donors. Bars indicate mean + SEM. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ****p < 0.0001; one-way ANOVA with Dunnett’s post-hoc test. (B) Purified human CD4+ T cells were restimulated with anti-CD3 and anti-CD28 and incubated with conditioned monocyte supernatant [monocytes were stimulated as described in (A)]. Cells were incubated for five days before they were analyzed by flow cytometry. Data were calculated from four individual donors. Bars indicate mean + SEM. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ****p < 0.0001; one-way ANOVA with Dunnett’s post-hoc test.