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. 2022 Jan 21;12:758525. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.758525

Table 2.

Maternal fats intake in the regulation of neonatal infection, immunity and production performance.

Breed, feeding time and products Reproductive and lactation performance immune and oxidative Stability of sows and piglets Intestinal health others References
Breed: Landrace × Yorkshire
Period: G0-L20
Product: 2% soybean oil
Colostrum
No-fat solids: (15.53-22.90%)
Protein: (5.85-8.79%)
Piglet ileum (After farrowing) Gene Expression
TLR-4: (1.00-1.48)
TLR-9: (1.00-1.40)
MyD88: (1.00-1.22)
Piglet Jejunum (After farrowing)
Villous height: (717-923 μm)
Crypt depth: (76-88 μm)
Piglet Colon (After farrowing)
Crypt depth: (32-41 μm)
↓VCR: (6.53-4.40)
(villous height to crypt depth ratio)
Sow plasma (After farrowing)
Prolactin: (262.00-432.70 ng/mL)
(52)
Breed: Large White × Landrace
Period: G109-weaning (L26)
Product: fish oil and seaweed extract (100 g of FO/d, 10.0 g of SWE/d)
Colostrum (SWE)
↑IgG: (63.27-69.84 mg/ml)
Milk (L12) (SWE)
↑CP: (5.17-5.39%)
Milk (L12) (FO)
↑Total n-34: (1.73-4.62%)
Ratio n-6:n-3: (9.75-3.80%)
Piglet serum (L5)
↑IgG (SWE): (19.31-22.9 mg/ml)
IgA (SWE): (2.51-3.13 mg/ml)
↓IgA (FO): (3.12-2.52 mg/ml)
Piglet serum (L12)
↑IgG (SWE): (9.98-12.04 mg/ml)
N/A Piglet serum (L26)
↑Total n-6: (0.99-0.16%)
Total n-3: (1.43-0.030%)
Ratio n-6:n-3: (0.61-0.232%)
(23)
Breed: large white × landrace
Period: G84-L21
Product: Fish Oil (2%)
 Or
 Olive Oil (2%)
Litter Performance
↑Piglet BW: (1.33-1.58 kg) OO
↑Piglet mortality: (7.2-12.3%) FO
↓Piglet mortality: (7.2-2.2%) OO
Colostrum
↑Fat: (4.84-5.69%) OO
MDA: (3.9-5.8 nmol/ml) FO
IL-1β: (14-20 ng/L) FO
Milk (OO)
↑Fat: (6.77-8.08%) L10
 Fat: (5.86-7.99%) L21
↓IL-1β: (20-10 ng/L) L10
IL-1β: (18-6 ng/L) L21
Milk (FO)
↑MDA: (3.9-8 nmol/ml) L10
MDA: (3.8-8 nmol/ml) L21
Sow plasma (FO)
↑MDA: (2-2.25 nmol/ml) L0
MDA: (2-3.5 nmol/ml) L10
MDA: (1.5-2 nmol/ml) L21
Piglet serum (FO)
↑MDA: (2.75-4 nmol/ml) L0
MDA: (3-4 nmol/ml) L21
GSH-Px: (275-300 U/ml) L0
Piglet serum (OO)
↓IL-1β: (12-10 ng/L) L21
TNF-α:(90-80 ng/L) L21
N/A N/A (53)

↑, increase; ↓, decrease. N/A, No Value; TLR-4, toll-like receptor 4; TLR-9, toll-like receptor 9; MγD88, myeloiddifferentiationfactor88 IgG, Immunoglobulin G; IgA, Immunoglobulin A; IL-10, interleukin 10; TNF-α, tumor necrosis factor-α; MDA, malondialdehyde; IL-1 β, interleukin-1 β; T- AOC, total antioxidant capacity; GSH-Px, glutathione peroxidase IL-6, interleukin 6.