Table 1.

Silymarin Research Beyond Hepatoprotection and Cancer: A Summary.

Type of disease	Specific disease	References
Neurologic diseases	General	62,63
	Parkinson's disease	64
	Alzheimer	65–67
	Multiple sclerosis	68,69
	Diabetic cognitive impairment	70
	Learning and memory deficits (in mice)	71
Diabetes	Diabetic complications	72–76
Hypercholesterolemia		77–81
Renal diseases	Cyclosporine nephrotoxicity	82
	Diabetic nephropathy	83,84
Ischemia/reperfusion	Damage prevention in general	85
	In heart muscle	86
	In the central nervous system	87,88
	In the kidney	89,90
	In intestine and bowel	91
	In the stomach	92
	In the lungs	93
	In the liver	94,95
	Multivisceral	96
Skin	Protection against UV radiation	97–99
	Melasma	100
	Rosacea	101
Immune system	Inhibition of UV-induced immune suppression	102
Infections: Viral	Covid infection	103,104
	Anti-Mayaro virus	105
	Anti-Chikungunya virus	106
	Anti-Zika virus	107
Infections: bacterial	Escherichia coli	108
Amiodarone	Improved effects on atrial flutter	109
	Decreased Amiodarone side-effects	110
Ulcerative colitis	Prolonged remission	111
Inflammatory bowel disease		112
Irritable bowel syndrome		113
Migraine	Reduced frequency of attacks	114
Endocrine	Hyperprolactinemia	115
	Decreased hot flashes in menopause	116
	Polycystic ovarian syndrome	117