Table 7.

Breast.

Year, Ref.	Findings
2004 325	Silymarin, as part of a mixture of flavonoids, downregulated the Breast Cancer Resistance Protein (BCRP). The authors propose a “flavonoid cocktail” for this purpose.
2004 326	Silibinin synergized with conventional chemotherapeutic drugs in anticancer effects on breast cancer cells.
2009 327	Silibinin decreased MMP9 and VEGF expression induced by TPA through downregulation of the Raf/Mek/Erk pathway.
2013 328	Silymarin showed synergy with doxorubicin in producing MCF7 cell apoptosis
2014 329	Silymarin showed much higher proapoptotic gene induction in a lung cancer cell line than in a breast cancer cell line.
2014 330 X	Silibinin inhibited the accumulation of myeloid derived suppressor cells (MDSC) in murine breast cancer and increased overall survival. Silibinin decreased tumor volume.
2015 331	Silibinin induced autophagic death in breast cancer cells. Silibinin treatment decreased ATP levels and altered mitochondrial electric potential with increased ROS accumulation.
2015 332	Silibinin induced apoptosis in breast cancer cells. (Comment: the concentrations used were too high and are not achievable in human use).
2015 333	ERα inhibition was a key factor in silibinin-induced autophagy and apoptosis. Using ERα inhibitors with silibinin, both apoptosis and autophagia were further increased.
2016 334	Silibinin decreased BCL2 proteins in breast cancer cells and normal breast cells and ununiformly increased PTEN in different cancer cell lines.
2017 335	Silibinin sensitized breast cancer cells to doxorubicin treatment. (Comment: The concentrations used were excessively high and difficult to achieve in the clinical setting).
2017 336	Silymarin-loaded iron nanoparticles produced cell cycle arrest in triple negative breast cancer cells.
2017 337	Silymarin's anticancer effects were due to inhibition of Akt and MAPK pathway.
2021 338 X	Silymarin decreased proliferation and viability of MDA-MB-231 and MCF-7 cells in a concentration-dependent manner, inducing apoptosis. These results were obtained in vitro and in vivo.