Table I.
Study participants’ characteristics of the included studies
| Study included | Country/region | Age, years, mean (SD), exp/cont | Female, n (%), exp/cont | BMI, kg/m2, mean (SD), exp/cont | Experimental group | Control group | Treatment duration | Outcome |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Campos, et al., 2015 (23) | Brazil | 65.20 (9.60)/63.30 (7.50) |
37 (63.79)d | 30.80 (6.10)/30.30 (5.10) |
Lateral wedge with subtalar strapping | Neutral insole with subtalar strapping | 24 weeks | WOMAC, VAS, Lequesne index |
| Kim et al., 2011 (22) | Australia | 63.30 (8.10)/65.00 (7.90) |
62 (60.0)/56 (58.00) |
28.10 (4.20)/30.40 (5.60) |
Lateral wedge insoles | Flat insoles | 12 months | VAS, WOMAC |
| Pham et al., 2004 (26) | France | 64.00 (10.80)/65.60 (9.90) |
54 (66.00)/61 (82.00) |
29.00 (5.60)/28.50 (5.30) |
Lateral wedge insoles | Flat insoles | 2 years | WOMAC |
| Piscilla et al., 2008 (27) | Brazil | 61.60 (11.40)/61.90 (11.30) |
NA | 28.90 (3.50)/30.60 (3.10) |
Insoles with medial elevation | Insole without elevation | 2 weeks | WOMAC, VAS, Lequesne index, Femorotibial angle |
| Ryan et al., 2016 (11) | Canada | 59.90 (7.40)/59.60 (7.70) |
13 (68.00)/11 (58.00) |
32.50 (8.00)/29.20 (6.70) |
Wedged insoles | Flat insoles | 3 months | KOOS pain score |
| Toda, et al., 2005a, (30) | Japan | 63.60 (9.90)/62.00 (9.80) |
21 (100.00)/22 (100.00) |
24.50 (4.00)/25.50 (4.30) |
Lateral wedge with subtalar strapping | Subtalar strapping band without lateral wedge | 2 weeks | Lequesne index, Femorotibial angle |
| Toda et al., 2005b, (30) | Japan | 64.10 (12.30)/62.00 (9.80) |
20 (100.00)/22 (100.00) |
23.80 (3.20)/25.50 (4.30) |
Lateral wedge with subtalar strapping | Subtalar strapping band without Lateral wedge | 2 weeks | Lequesne index, Femorotibial angle |
| Toda et al., 2005c, (30) | Japan | 64.70 (9.70)/62.00 (9.80) |
18 (100.00)/22 (100.00) |
24.20 (2.30)/25.50 (4.30) |
Lateral wedge with subtalar strapping | Subtalar strapping band without Lateral wedge | 2 weeks | Lequesne index, Femorotibial angle |
| Baker et al., 2007 (20) | USA | 68.20 (8.70)/67.80 (9.90) |
24 (53.0)/27 (66.00) |
33.00 (4.80)/32.90 (6.40) |
Lateral wedge insoles | Flat insoles | 6 weeks | WOMAC |
| Erhart-Hledik et al., 2012 (24) | USA | 61.40 (9.20)/62.10 (9.90) |
14 (41.0)/15 (58.00) |
27.60 (4.50)/27.40 (5.40) |
Bilateral wedged insoles | Bilateral laterally elevated | 12 months | WOMAC |
| Sattari et al., 2011 (28) | Iran | 48.00d | 13 (63.0)/13 (63.00) |
NA | Lateral wedge insoles | Flat insoles | 9 months | VAS |
| Hsieh et al., 2014 (25) | Taiwan | 61.00 (9.90)d | 38 (88.0)/32 (84.00) |
25.00 (4.70)d | Lateral wedge insoles | Flat insoles | 6 months | WOMAC |
| Barrios et al., 2013 (21) | USA | 62.00 (7.40)/62.80 (9.60) |
19 (54.30)/18 (60.00) |
34.20 (7.20)/31.90 (6.90) |
Lateral wedge insoles | Flat insoles | 6 months | WOMAC |
| Toda et al., 2008 (29) | Japan | 66.10 (8.60)/64.60 (9.80) |
38 (88.0)/32 (84.00) |
24.70 (2.90)/24.60 (3.10) |
Lateral wedge insoles | Flat insoles | 12 weeks | Lequesne index |
| Hsieh et al., 2016 (12) | Taiwan | 60.60 (10.80)/63.10 (10.80) |
33 (73.30)/37 (82.20) |
25.10 (2.30)/25.40 (3.10) |
Lateral wedge insoles | Flat insoles | 6 months | WOMAC |
BMI: body mass index; cont: control group; exp: experimental group; KOOS: Knee injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Scores; NA: not available; SD: standard deviation; VAS: visual analogue scale for the determination of perceived pain levels; WoMaC: Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index. The following were treatments with a lateral wedge:
a
Study participants treated with a lateral wedge with subtalar strapping for less than 5 h (short group).
b
Study participants treated with a lateral wedge with subtalar strapping for 5-10 h (medium group).
c
Study participants treated with a lateral wedge with subtalar strapping for more than 10 h (long group).
d
Overall data.