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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2022 Feb 4.
Published in final edited form as: Nat Rev Endocrinol. 2021 Oct 8;17(12):726–744. doi: 10.1038/s41574-021-00562-6

Fig. 4 |. Autocrine and paracrine factors regulating brown and beige adipocytes.

Fig. 4 |

Several factors released by brown and beige adipocytes function in an autocrine and/or paracrine manner to regulate nutrient utilization and thermogenic gene expression in adipocytes. The secreted factors (pale blue circles and boxes) include members of bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) and transforming growth factor-β (TGFβ), such as BMP8b, myostatin (MSTN), fibroblast growth factor (FGF) families of growth factors (for example, FGF6, FGF9 and FGF21), bradykinin, SLIT2, PM20D1, adenosine and others. Additionally, thermogenic adipocyte-derived lipokines, such as 12,13-diHOME and 12-HEPE, promote fatty acid and glucose uptake to adipocytes, thereby controlling key aspects of fuel utilization and energy metabolism in brown adipose tissue and white adipose tissue. CREB, cAMP responsive element binding protein; FATP1, fatty acid transport protein 1; GPCR, G protein-coupled receptor; HSL, hormone-sensitive lipase; PKA, protein kinase A; PM20D1, the secreted enzyme peptidase M20 domain containing 1. UCP1, uncoupling protein 1.