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. 2022 Feb 4;17:23. doi: 10.1186/s13014-021-01960-w

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Fig. 6 — Evaluation of VSAD implementation and impact on GPU-accelerated ray tracing and dose kernel execution via beam projection (spot position and FWHM) evaluation of FRoG against reference RS-MC calculation for the 16-spot plan. The lower and upper limit of the commissioned clinical energy range (98 MeV and 226 MeV) are tested to demonstrate depth and energy dependence of beam propagation. X and Y line profiles are presented for entrance channel (EC) and Bragg peak (BP)