Table 1.
Demographic, Vision, and Excursion Characteristics by Fall Status
| Characteristic | Faller (≥1 fall), (n = 87) | Non-Faller (n = 105) | p-value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age, mean (SD) | 71.1 (7.1) | 69.3 (6.7) | 0.08 |
| Male, n % | 41 (47.1) | 56 (53.3) | 0.39 |
| Black, n % | 22 (25.3) | 32 (30.5) | 0.43 |
| Living alone, n% | 17 (19.5) | 18 (17.1) | 0.67 |
| Employed, n% | 27 (31.0) | 41 (39.0) | 0.25 |
| Educational attainment, n % | 0.77 | ||
| High school degree or less | 13 (14.9) | 17 (16.3) | |
| Bachelor’s degree or some college | 31 (35.7) | 43 (41.3) | |
| Master’s or Doctorate degree | 43 (49.4) | 44 (42.4) | |
| Health | |||
| Comorbid illness > 1,% | 63 (72.4) | 58 (55.2) | 0.15 |
| Polypharmacy, n % | 31 (35.6) | 28 (26.7) | 0.18 |
| Body Mass Index, (kg/m2) mean (SD) | 27.3 (4.6) | 27.2 (5.4) | 0.89 |
| Maximum Grip Strength for Dominant Hand, (kg) mean (SD) | 30.2 (9.2) | 33.5 (11.4) | 0.03* |
| Maximum Leg Strength, (kg) mean (SD) | 17.9 (5.5) | 17.6 (6.4) | 0.71 |
| Vision | |||
| Presenting Visual Acuity of better eye, logMAR, median (IQR) | 0.04 (−0.02, 0.14) | 0.06 (0, 0.18) | 0.41 |
| IVF Sensitivity (dB), median (IQR) a | 28.0 (25.9, 29.4) | 28.1 (26.3, 29.9) | 0.57 |
| IVF Damage Categorized | |||
| IVF ≥ 28 dB, mild damage | 45 (51.7) | 53 (50.5) | 0.99 |
| IVF > 23 dB and < 28 dB, moderate damage | 33 (37.9) | 41 (39.0) | |
| IVF ≤23 dB, severe damage | 9 (10.3) | 11 (10.5) | |
| Mean deviation of better eye, median (IQR) | −2.9 (−5.4, −0.9) | −2.4 (−5.2, − 0.4) | 0.45 |
| Binocular log Contrast sensitivity, logCS, median (IQR) | 1.7 (1.7, 1.8) | 1.7 (1.6, 1.8) | 0.77 |
| Fall Status | |||
| Faller, n % | 87 (100) | N/A | N/A |
| Recurrent Faller, n % | 38 (43.7) | ||
| Injurious Faller, n % | 35 (40.3) | ||
| Recurrent Injurious Faller, n % | 13 (14.9) | ||
| Excursions Away from Home Parameters after the Study Period b | |||
| Average number of daily excursions, median (IQR) | 2.1 (1.4, 4.0) | 2.4 (1.5, 4.3) | 0.51 |
| Average time per excursion (hours), median (IQR) | 1.7 (0.8, 2.8) | 1.5 (0.9, 2.6) | 0.73 |
| Average daily time away (hours), median (IQR) | 3.9 (2.4, 5.4) | 4.2 (2.3, 5.7) | 1.00 |
Note. SD standard deviation, n number, kg kilograms, m meter, logMAR the logarithm of the minimum angle of resolution, IQR interquartile range, IVF integrated visual field, dB decibel, logCS logarithm of contrast sensitivity. Percentages were derived for the total of each group
a IVF sensitivity has a normal reference value of 31 dB; *p-value ≤ 0.05
b Excursions activity was collected over the period of a week