Table 2.
Logistic regression of patient and surgical factors associated with arteriovenous fistula failure
| Parameter | Univariable Odds Ratio (95% CI) | P Value | Model 1a Odds Ratio (95% CI) | P Value | Model 2b Odds Ratio (95% CI) | P Value |
| Female | 1.54 (1.09 to 2.20) | 0.02 | 1.60 (1.10 to 2.32) | 0.01 | 1.79 (1.20 to 2.68) | <0.01 |
| Age (per 10 yr) | 1.15 (1.02 to 1.29) | 0.02 | 1.06 (0.92 to 1.21) | 0.42 | 1.06 (0.92 to 1.22) | 0.41 |
| Ethnicity | ||||||
| White | Ref | 0.25 | — | — | — | — |
| Asian | 0.66 (0.45 to 0.97) | |||||
| Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander | 1.31 (0.53 to 3.19) | |||||
| Maori and Pacific Islander | 0.88 (0.45 to 1.74) | |||||
| Other | 0.88 (0.35 to 2.23) | |||||
| Region c | ||||||
| Australia/NZ/UK | Ref | 0.01 | Ref | 0.03 | Ref | 0.20 |
| Malaysia | 0.58 (0.39 to 0.86) | 0.60 (0.38 to 0.95) | 0.66 (0.34 to 1.25) | |||
| Cause of ESKD | ||||||
| DM | Ref | 0.90 | — | — | — | — |
| GN | 0.85 (0.49 to 1.46) | |||||
| Hypertension | 0.82 (0.48 to 1.42) | |||||
| APKD | 0.78 (0.40 to 1.56) | |||||
| Reflux | 0.91 (0.40 to 2.06) | |||||
| Others | 1.08 (0.69 to 1.68) | |||||
| BMI | 1.01 (0.99 to 1.04) | 0.33 | — | — | — | — |
| Hypertension | 0.54 (0.31 to 0.93) | 0.03 | — | — | — | — |
| DM | 0.89 (0.64 to 1.26) | 0.52 | 0.81 (0.55 to 1.20) | 0.29 | 0.85 (0.57 to 1.27) | 0.42 |
| IHD | 1.40 (0.79 to 2.47) | 0.25 | — | — | — | — |
| PVD | 2.17 (0.90 to 5.20) | 0.08 | 1.78 (0.70 to 4.53) | 0.23 | 1.87 (0.74 to 4.78) | 0.19 |
| CCF | 0.83 (0.35 to 2.01) | 0.68 | — | — | — | — |
| Cerebrovascular disease | 0.60 (0.22 to 1.65) | 0.32 | — | — | — | — |
| Composite of IHD, CVD, and PVD | 1.25 (0.77 to 2.01) | 0.37 | — | — | — | — |
| SBP (per 10 mm Hg) | 0.96 (0.89 to 1.03) | 0.25 | — | — | — | — |
| DBP (per 10 mm Hg) | 0.81 (0.71 to 0.93) | <0.01 | 0.84 (0.73 to 0.97) | 0.02 | 0.85 (0.74 to 0.99) | 0.04 |
| MAP (per 10 mm Hg) | 0.85 (0.76 to 0.96) | 0.01 | — | — | — | — |
| PP (per 10 mm Hg) | 1.03 (0.95 to 1.13) | 0.45 | — | — | — | — |
| HbA1c (%)d | 0.93 (0.82 to 1.05) | 0.25 | — | — | — | — |
| LDL-C (mmol/L)d | 0.86 (0.72 to 1.01) | 0.07 | — | — | — | — |
| Smoking | ||||||
| Never smoker | Ref | 0.68 | — | — | — | — |
| Current or former smoker | 0.93 (0.66 to 1.31) | |||||
| Current or previous history of kidney replacement therapy | 0.92 (0.65 to 1.29) | 0.63 | — | — | — | — |
| Presence of CVC | 1.29 (0.91 to 1.82) | 0.15 | 1.53 (1.05 to 2.23) | 0.03 | 1.49 (1.02 to 2.20) | 0.04 |
| Serum albumin (g/L) | 0.98 (0.96 to 1.01) | 0.22 | — | — | — | — |
| PTH (pmol/L)d | 0.99 (0.99 to 0.99) | 0.03 | — | — | — | — |
| INRd | 1.13 (0.57 to 2.26) | 0.73 | — | — | — | — |
| APTTd | 0.99 (0.98 to 1.01) | 0.40 | — | — | — | — |
| Hemoglobin (g/L) | 1.01 (1.00 to 1.02) | 0.08 | 1.01 (0.99 to 1.02) | 0.27 | 1.01 (0.99 to 1.02) | 0.30 |
| Platelets | 1.00 (0.99 to 1.00) | 0.85 | — | — | — | — |
| Statin use | 0.92 (0.65 to 1.29) | 0.63 | ||||
| ESA use | 0.85 (0.60 to 1.19) | 0.35 | ||||
| β-Blocker use | 0.87 (0.62 to 1.22) | 0.47 | ||||
| ACE-I/ARB use | 1.04 (0.74 to 1.47) | 0.82 | ||||
| CCB use | 0.76 (0.54 to 1.07) | 0.11 | 0.86 (0.60 to 1.25) | 0.44 | 0.84 (0.58 to 1.22) | 0.35 |
| Surgeons | ||||||
| Trainees | Ref | 0.43 | — | — | Ref | 0.66 |
| Consultant | 0.85 (0.56 to 1.28) | 0.91 (0.59 to 1.40) | ||||
| Anesthesia | ||||||
| Regional/general anesthesia | Ref | 0.08 | — | — | Ref | 0.81 |
| Local anesthesia | 0.73 (0.51 to 1.04) | 0.93 (0.54 to 1.63) | ||||
| Intraoperative heparin | 1.07 (0.74 to 1.52) | 0.73 | — | — | — | — |
| AVF type | ||||||
| Radiocephalic | Ref | 0.10 | — | — | Ref | 0.06 |
| Brachiocephalic | 0.95 (0.66 to 1.38) | 0.76 (0.50 to 1.16) | ||||
| Bachiobasilic | 2.43 (1.18 to 5.01) | 2.24 (1.10 to 5.05) | ||||
| Others | 0.88 (0.19 to 3.97) | 0.75 (0.15 to 3.71) | ||||
| Randomization to aspirin | ||||||
| Randomized to placebo | Ref | 0.04 | Ref | 0.05 | Ref | 0.03 |
| Randomized to aspirin | 0.92 (0.62 to 1.37) | 0.89 (0.59 to 1.35) | 0.85 (0.55 to 1.29) | |||
| Open-label aspirin | 1.57 (1.02 to 2.42) | 1.59 (1.00 to 2.53) | 1.60 (1.00 to 2.56) | |||
| Randomization to fish oil use | 1.02 (0.72 to 1.43) | 0.92 | 1.05 (0.73 to 1.49) | 0.80 | 1.09 (0.76 to 1.56) | 0.64 |
Single imputation for missing values of individual outcome components was performed and described in detail in the primary outcome analysis (30). Ref, reference; NZ, New Zealand; UK, United Kingdom, DM, diabetes mellitus; APKD, adult polycystic kidney disease; BMI, body mass index; IHD, ischemic heart disease; PVD, peripheral vascular disease; CCF, congestive cardiac failure; CVD, cerebrovascular disease; SBP, systolic BP; DBP, diastolic BP; MAP, mean arterial pressure; PP, pulse pressure; HbA1c, hemoglobin A1c; LDL-C, LDL cholesterol; CVC, central venous catheter; PTH, parathyroid hormone; INR, international normalized ratio; APTT, activated partial thromboplastin time; ESA, erythropoietin-stimulating agent; ACE-I/ARB, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor/angiotensin receptor blocker; CCB, calcium channel blocker; AVF, arteriovenous fistula.
Model 1: Multivariable logistic regression using patient factors with P<0.2 on univariable logistic analysis and <5% missing data inclusive of DM; randomization to aspirin and fish oil forced in; patient factors included are female, age, diastolic BP, region, presence of peripheral vascular disease, presence of CVC, use of CCB, and hemoglobin levels.
Model 2: Multivariable logistic regression using Model 1 with addition of surgical-related factors such as surgeons, type of anesthesia use, and type of AVF created.
Australia, New Zealand, and United Kingdom region of recruitment was grouped when compared with Malaysian region of recruitment in this analysis.
Variables with >5% missing data.